The ability to effectively lead an interdisciplinary translational team is a crucial component of team science success. Most KL2 Clinical Scholars have been members of scientific teams, but few have been team science leaders. There is a dearth of literature and outcome measures of effective Team Science Leadership in clinical and translational research. We focused our curriculum to emphasize Team Science Leadership, developed a list of Team Science Leadership competencies for translational investigators using a modified Delphi method, and incorporated the competencies into a quantitative evaluation survey. The survey is completed on entry and annually thereafter by the Scholar; the Scholar's primary mentor and senior staff who educate and interact with the Scholar rate the Scholar at the end of each year. The program leaders and mentor review the results with each Scholar. The survey scales had high internal consistency and good factor structure. Overall ratings by mentors and senior staff were generally high, but ratings by Scholars tended to be lower, offering opportunities for discussion and career planning. Scholars rated the process favorably. A Team Science Leadership curriculum and periodic survey of attained competencies can inform individual career development and guide team science curriculum development.

PurposeThe article discusses Outward Bound's participation in the human potential movement through its incorporation of T-group practices and the reform language of experiential education in the late 1960s and early 1970s.Design/methodology/approachThe article reports on original research conducted using materials from Dartmouth College and other Outward Bound collections from 1957 to 1976. It follows a case study approach to illustrate themes pertaining to Outward Bound's creation and evolution in the United States, and the establishment of experiential education more broadly.FindingsBuilding on prior research (Freeman, 2011; Millikan, 2006), the present article elaborates on the conditions under which Outward Bound abandoned muscular Christianity in favor of humanistic psychology. Experiential education provided both a set of practices and a reform language that helped Outward Bound expand into the educational mainstream, which also helped to extend self-expressive pedagogies into formal and nonformal settings.Research limitations/implicationsThe Dartmouth Outward Bound Center's tenure coincided with and reflected broader cultural changes, from the cold war motif of spiritual warfare, frontier masculinity and national service to the rise of self-expression in education. Future scholars can situate specific curricular initiatives in the context of these paradigms, particularly in outdoor education.Originality/valueThe article draws attention to one of the forms that the human potential movement took in education – experiential education – and the reasons for its adoption. It also reinforces emerging understandings of post-WWII American outdoor education as a product of the cold war and reflective of subsequent changes in the wider culture to a narrower focus on the self.

No abstract

In the summer of 1975 in Jackson, New Hampshire, Cindy Shannon and her sister jumped into a river to retrieve the unconscious body of a fellow swimmer who had hit his head on a submerged rock. They pulled him to the surface and administered artificial ventilation, keeping him alive until the local rescue squad arrived to take him to the hospital. Both women had been trained in Senior Life Saving, but Cindy's additional training earlier that summer at Dartmouth had provided a valuable preparation for the rescue. As the newspaper reported, "Ironically, she was recently telling her family about a swimming rescue dramatization she took part in, in the Outward Bound Program, and of how 'realistic' it seemed at the time."The life saving drama of rescue lies at the heart of Kurt Hahn's philosophy of service, and preparation for that moment of need has been central to Outward Bound training since the program began.Today, however, the opportunities for rescue are remote. The proliferation of para-professional rescue units and the length, location, and structure of the Outward Bound course itself have meant that Outward Bound groups may not be called upon or may not be available when emergencies do arise. As a result, the centrality of service in Outward Bound has retreated with the lack of compelling applications.Clearly, Outward Bound must redirect and rededicate itself to the concept of service, a review which must begin with an institutional commitment. Two sources may provide impetus and nurture for this redirection-a closer look at Hahn's philos- RobertS. MacArthur is director of the Outward Bound Center at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. ophy of service and the models provided by various service-learning programs outside of Outward Bound. For the purposes of this article we shall look at the Outward Bound Living/Learning Term and the William Jewett Tucker Foundation at Dartmouth College as examples which highlight the major issues involved. Dramatic ServiceSelf-denial in a life saving adventure epitomized for Kurt Hahn the essence of service. It was the highest form of duty to one's community and country. The drama of rescue, linked to the youthful passion for adventure, also provided a compelling curriculum for an educational equivalent of war. As Geoffrey Winthrop Young expressed on the occasion of the christening of the training ship Garibaldi at Aberdovey in 1943, Twice in a lifetime we have seen war produce in quite ordinary men and women heroic qualities of courage, endurance, and selfsacrifice and make permanently better citizens of those whom it did not destroy. And twice we, who have been concerned with education, have had to recognize that our ordinary systems of education had failed to educe those chivalrous qualities, in any considerable degree, in peace time. (1) Twenty years later William Sloane Coffin, visiting Outward Bound in Great Britain to gather information for the Peace Corps, queried Hahn about the primacy of adventure in his training.Knowing that Outward Bound tried to link compa...

No abstract