Two strategies for the synthesis of configurationally stable twisted polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) were pursued. The first approach employed dissymmetrically positioned 1-naphthyl substituents to bias the direction of twist in highly substituted PACs. 2,3-Bis(1-naphthyl)-1,4-diphenyltriphenylene (7) was prepared, and its meso cis-dinaphthyl and enantiomeric trans-dinaphthyl isomers were resolved by preparative supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) on chiral supports. Similarly, several naphthyl-substituted derivatives of the more highly twisted 9,10,11,12,13,14-hexaphenylbenzo[b]triphenylene (2) were prepared. Of these, 10-(1-naphthyl)-9,11,12,14-tetraphenylbenzo[b]triphenylene (13) was resolved by SFC on a chiral support. The pure enantiomers of trans-7 showed moderately large specific rotations ([alpha]D(25) = -330 and +320 degrees), but the specific rotations for the enantiomers of 13 were unexpectedly small ([alpha]D(25) = -23 and +23 degrees). Computational studies suggest that the latter result is due to presence of a minor conformation of 13 possessing a larger rotation of opposite sign than the major conformation. Both 7 and 13 showed strong circular dichroism and moderately strong circularly polarized luminescence. A byproduct of these syntheses was 9,10,19,21-tetraphenyldiphenanthro[9,10-b:9,10-h]carbazole (15), a very crowded carbazole that exhibits an 81 degree end-to-end twist but is not resolvable. In the second approach, the large, twisted, polycyclic aromatic ligand 9,10,11,12,13,14-hexaphenylbenzo[h]naphtho[2,3-f]quinoline (21, an aza-2) was used to prepare the chiral, cyclometallated iridium(III) complex 4. The ligand 21 was prepared via an unusually stable benzannulated norbornadienone, for which the free energy of activation for decarbonylation was a remarkable 33.5 kcal/mol. The iridium complex 4 proved to be configurationally stable and resolvable by analytical HPLC on chiral supports, but the low solubility of 4 prevented its resolution on a preparative scale. A much more soluble dibutyl analogue of 4 (complex 28) was then prepared, but it was not resolvable on any of the available media.

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Multinational corporations can be viewed either as independent actors operating in the interstices of state-to-state relations or as an instrument of foreign policy of states within which the parent companies are located. In either case these enterprises pose a threat to the sovereignty of states, and international organizations have been employed to deal with these challenges. The advanced industrial states of the West have found international organizations useful in attempts to harmonize national policies to avoid potential trade and investment disequilibria, to deal with problems of overlapping jurisdiction, and to encourage the development of multinational corporations. Labor unions in the West have found functionally specific nongovernmental organizations valuable in enhancing their bargaining position vis-à-vis enterprises organized multinationally. In general, these activities reflect a view of the multinational corporation as an independent actor very sensitive to global opportunities. Less developed countries are typically very wary of multinational corporations and tend to view them as instruments through which they could be subjugated to the West. These states have shown an interest in using universal and regional organizations to coordinate and buttress their position in negotiations with the multinational firms. Most international organizations are only beginning to deal explicitly with the multinational corporation phenomenon, but while these activities should increase, it is doubtful that we will soon see the emergence of a new global international organization to focus states' attempts to oversee the behavior of these enterprises as they affect international relations.