Background: The aim of the present study was to characterize and evaluate the nanoemulgel (NEG) of snakehead fish powder (SFP), as a transdermal delivery system for poorly water soluble drug, in order to conquer the inconveniences related to its oral conveyance. Methods: Diverse nanoemulsion components (oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant) were chosen based on solvency and emulsification capacity. SFP loaded nanoemulsion which tested by stress-stability testing was carried out for all formulations and those that passed these tests were characterized for mean droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, pH, viscosity, and transmittance. After that, this was continued by permeation studies using snake skin in vitro and rabbit skin in vivo studies i.e. skin irritation study and the effectiveness test. Results: Mean droplet size and zeta potential of the optimized nanoemulsion (NE4) were found to be 98.6 ± 0.93 nm (polydispersity index, PDI = 0.1 ± 0.20) and -57.5 ± 0.3 mV respectively. Optimized nanoemulsion was converted into nanoemulgel with 1.5% w/v of gelling agent (HPMC) and evaluated for pH, viscosity, spreadability, and extrudability measurement. Ex vivo transdermal permeation value for SFP through snake skin as membrane from NEG1, NEG2, NEG3 and marketed SFP cream showed results of 55.65 ± 0.93%, 56.14 ± 0.70%, 66.75 ± 1.03% and 49.80 ± 3.42% respectively in 3 hours. Moreover, all the treatment group did not show skin irritation of each group. The effect of burn wound healing of NEG3 showed a significant (P<0.05) on the measurement of wound area compared to marketed cream. Conclusion: The novel NEG of SFP was successfully formulated for transdermal application based on the results of evaluations and stability tests on accelerating burn wound healing.

Ikan gabus (Ophiocephalus striatus) merupakan jenis ikan yang hidup di air tawar dan sudah banyak dikenal oleh masyarakat. Khasiat dan kegunaan ikan gabus telah terbukti secara ilmiah dapat meningkatkan kadar albumin dan daya tahan tubuh serta mempercepat proses penyembuhan luka pasca- operasi. Adapun kandungan gizi dari ikan gabus terdiri dari protein albumin, asam-asam amino, asam lemak tak jenuh dan mineral. Senyawa bioaktif yang berperan dalam mempercepat proses penyembuhan luka adalah albumin, glisin, dan seng (Zn). Penyembuhan luka sangat bergantung pada proses biokimia yang terjadi pada kulit yang melibatkan faktor intrinsik dan ekstrinsik. Proses penyembuhan ini akan dipercepat dengan bantuan dari ekstrak kering ikan gabus yang dirancang dalam bentuk topikal seperti krim atau gel. Baik albumin, glisin dan Zn ini penting untuk penyembuhan luka karena protein ini mampu mengikat Zn dan membawanya dalam plasma darah. Kekurangan Zn mengurangi proses penyembuhan luka. Karena nutrisi ini, dan vitamin lainnya, hadir dalam ekstrak ikan gabus sehingga dapat memicu pembentukan Sel Progenitor Endotel (EPC) dan mempercepat penyembuhan luka. Kehadiran Zn dalam ekstrak ikan gabus kemungkinan menjadi faktor kunci yang berperan dalam penyembuhan luka dan juga meningkatkan nafsu makan anak-anak. Zn adalah mineral penting dalam struktur dan fungsi membran sel. Suplementasi Zn dapat membatasi kerusakan membran yang disebabkan oleh radikal bebas selama peradangan. Selanjutnya, Zn juga terlibat dalam sistem kekebalan tubuh, mulai dari sistem pertahanan oleh kulit hingga regulasi gen dalam limfosit.

Objective: Snakehead fish has been scientifically proven to increase levels of albumin and boost the immune system so that the formulation development is required. The objective of this study was to formulate and characterize snakehead fish powder (SFP) in the form of the oral double emulsion.Methods: The manufacture of snakehead fish powder used the conventional method with dry heating at 50 °C. Characterization of SFP utilized proximate analysis method per 3 g of SFP. The double emulsion preparation was carried out by mixing 30% of the primary emulsion (w/o) into 70% of the secondary emulsion (w) to form the w/o/w emulsion. This preparation was prepared in 4 formulas having variations in Tween 80 concentrations at the secondary emulsions of 0.7%, 3.5%, 7.0% and 10.5% w/v, respectively using the spontaneous emulsification method. After that, all formulations were doing some tests, i.e. organoleptic test, pH, viscosity, flow types, globular diameter test and stability tests.Results: The results of proximate analysis every 3 g of SFP have obtained the contents of protein, 16.89%, lipid 24.52%, water 1.73% and ash 1.05%. Based on the optimization of the formula, the preparation of F4 with the content of Tween 80 at 10.5% secondary emulsion is the best formula due to slow phase separation, pH 7, unchanged organoleptic properties, large internal and external globular diameter (6.35 μm and 8.9 μm), as well as having a high viscosity value (1569.84 p) which correspond to pseudo plastic flow.Conclusion: The novelty of SFP can be developed as double emulsion orally based on the results of characterization and evaluation of double emulsion.

The aim of the present study was to characterize and evaluate nanoemulgel of snakehead fish powder (SFP) for the poorly water-soluble drug. SFP was formulated into nanoemulsion utilizing the best comparison of surfactant, co-surfactant, and oil. Diverse nanoemulsion components (oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant) were chosen based on solvency and emulsification capacity. SFP 0.1% loaded nanoemulsion which tested by stress-stability testing which carried out for all formulations and those that passed these tests were characterized for droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, pH, viscosity, and transmittance. After that, nanoemulsion was added with 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5% of HPMC in different concentrations and mixed until nanoemulgel form and evaluated for pH, viscosity, spreadability, and extrudability measurement. The results of this research showed that SF nanoemulsion produced clear, stable, and transparent formula having the transmittance value 99.87%. Mean droplet size and zeta potential of the optimized nanoemulsion (NE4) were found to be 98.6±0.93 nm (PDI 0.1±0.20) and -57.5±0.3 MV respectively. Meanwhile, the evaluation results of nanoemulgel (NEG) showed NEG 1.5 gave pH 6.0, viscosity 210 cP, spreadability 5.8 g cm/s and extrudability 1.4 g/cm 2 . Otherwise, NEG 2.0 and NEG 2.5 had high viscosity and pH generating low spreading on the skin i.e. 3.9 g cm/s and 2.8 g cm/s respectively. The results of the evaluation and preparation stability test showed a good level of stability of NEG 1.5 with the viscosity and pH by one way ANOVA which did not change significantly.

SNEDDS merupakan campuran isotropik antara minyak, surfaktan, dan ko-surfaktan yang membentuk nanoemulsi secara spontan ketika kontak dengan cairan lambung sehingga meningkatkan kelarutan zat aktif. Salah satu zat aktif yang memiliki kelarutan rendah adalah astaxanthin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan, mengkarakterisasi dan mengevaluasi SNEDDS Astaxanthin dalam bentuk sediaan larutan drops. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental laboratorium. Drops liquid SNEDDS Astaxanthin yang dibuat dalam 3 formula dengan menggunakan perbandingan surfaktan dan ko-surfaktan yang dikarekterisasikan menghasilkan nilai transmitan F1 91% , F2 90% , dan F3 95%, dengan nilai ukuran partikel  F1 183,75 nm dengan nilai PDI 0,272, F2 195,25 nm dengan  nilai PDI 0,341, dan F3 105,75 nm dengan nilai PDI 0,392. Sehingga nilai efisien penjerapan F1 94,62%, F2 94,35%,  dan F3 95,57%. Evaluasi  sediaan menunjukkan tidak adanya perubahan yang signifikan pada viskositas dan waktu emulsifikasi drop liquid SNEDDS Astaxanthin  setelah melalui uji stabilitas selama 28 hari dengan menggunakan analisis data Paired T-Test  (p0,05). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa F3 dengan kosentrasi surfaktan 72% dan ko-surfaktan 18% adalah formula terbaik dalam membentuk SNEDDS. Dapat disimpulkan semakin tinggi kosentrasi surfaktan maka semakin besar kemampuannya untuk menurukan tegangan antar muka tetesan minyak sehingga memperoleh ukuran partikel yang kecil dan nilai efisiensi penjerpan yang tinggi.