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Chondral fractures are a distinct clinical entity and should be distinguished from the more frequently recognized osteochondral fracture. They occur most often in the medial femoral condyle of young adults following a rotational injury or direct blow to the knee. Clinically, the chondral fracture mimics a torn meniscus and may or may not be associated with a meniscal tear. Unlike osteochondral fractures, chondral fractures exhibit no specific abnormalities on routine radiography, necessitating arthroscopy or arthrography for diagnosis. The abnormality is seen as as a scooped-out defect or linear fracture in the articular cartilage on arthrography; on arthroscopy the findings are similar, though the fracture may appear stellate in cases of a direct blow to the knee.

Eleven children suffered recurrent episodes of knee stiffness (“catcher's crouch syndrome”) after receiving HPV‐77DK12 rubella vaccine. One was evaluated by arthroscopy and the synovium was found to be hypertrophied posteriorly and to protrude in folds into the intercondylar notch and lateral joint space. Culture for rubella virus was unsuccessful. The authors' observations provide evidence that “catcher's crouch syndrome” is a synovial disease and that chronic joint disease can be a sequela of rubella immunization.

In the short to medium term, acetabular constraint offers a useful primary or revision option in patients at risk or with recurrent dislocation.