Estudio de flujos granulares de tipo geológico por medio del simulador multisensor GRANFLOW-SIM 265 ResumenLas avalanchas y los flujos de escombro producidos por eventos catastróficos como las erupciones volcánicas se pueden entender como enormes flujos granulares. Debido a la imposibilidad de predicción y de la peligrosidad de dichos eventos por las altas temperaturas y las masas en movimiento involucradas, su estudio se limita a la observación remota y a la medición de los depósitos generados. La observación de estos fenómenos desde su inicio, es casi imposible de realizar dado que los tiempos de inicio y desarrollo son extremadamente cortos e imposibles de predecir con exactitud, además, debe llevarse a cabo desde una distancia considerable. El estudio del material depositado, ofrece importantes datos, pero sigue siendo un método indirecto para poder inferir la dinámica del flujo de escombros. En este artículo se describen las características del aparato GRANFLOW-SIM (Granular Flows Simulator), de sus sensores y el tipo de estudios que permite realizar. GRANFLOW-SIM es el primer aparato experimental en su tipo desarrollado y construido en México para el estudio y la simulación de diferentes tipos de flujos granulares observados en la naturaleza (tales como avalanchas, lahares y flujos de escombros) a escala y en tiempo real, por lo que emplea gran cantidad de sensores y cámaras de video de alta velocidad, repartidos a lo largo de las diferentes secciones que lo componen. La comprensión de los eventos precursores y detonadores, así como la manera en que estos flujos se desarrollan a lo largo de las pendientes volcánicas, es de fundamental importancia para prevenir desastres relacionados con ellos, salvaguardando así vidas e infraestructura. Una de las maneras en que estos fenómenos pueden ser estudiados y modelados es a través de aparatos experimentales que sean capaces de reproducirlos a escala. Estos aparatos experimentales deben permitir la medición del mayor número posible de variables involucradas durante el desarrollo del flujo, reproduciendo las características de laderas, barrancas naturales, condiciones de sedimentación y hasta la rugosidad del terreno. Puesto que el material que conforma la avalancha, se desplaza a gran velocidad, la medición de sus características en tiempo real implica un reto tecnológico, tanto en eventos observados en el campo como en los simuladores, requiriendo mucha velocidad para la captura de los datos y gran capacidad de almacenamiento de la información.Palabras clave: experimentos a gran escala, flujos granulares, avalanchas, flujos de escombros, flujos piroclásticos. Abstract
Binary mixtures of dry grains avalanching down a slope are experimentally studied in order to determine the interaction among coarse and fine grains and their effect on the deposit morphology. The distance travelled by the massive front of the avalanche over the horizontal plane of deposition area is measured as a function of mass content of fine particles in the mixture, grain-size ratio, and flume tilt. A sudden transition of the runout is detected at a critical content of fine particles, with a dependence on the grain-size ratio and flume tilt. This transition is explained as two simultaneous avalanches in different flowing regimes (a viscouslike one and an inertial one) competing against each other and provoking a full segregation and a split-off of the deposit into two well-defined, separated deposits. The formation of the distal deposit, in turn, depends on a critical amount of coarse particles. This allows the condensation of the pure coarse deposit around a small, initial seed cluster, which grows rapidly by braking and capturing subsequent colliding coarse particles. For different grain-size ratios and keeping a constant total mass, the change in the amount of fines needed for the transition to occur is found to be always less than 7%. For avalanches with a total mass of 4 kg we find that, most of the time, the runout of a binary avalanche is larger than the runout of monodisperse avalanches of corresponding constituent particles, due to lubrication on the coarse-dominated side or to drag by inertial particles on the fine-dominated side.
With the removal of Khrushchev in 1964 the Soviet Union adopted—at the level of the secret service—a more aggressive policy towards western countries, with a more intensive recourse to so-called ‘covert operations’. These operations regarded even western communist parties, such as the Italian Communist Party (PCI), which were close to being viewed as ‘orthodox’ by the Soviet leadership. The so-called ‘active measures’ which resulted were realised through the infiltration of agents, the training of (usually young) extremists, and (through them) the sending of warnings to the PCI leadership about its divergence from the Soviet line. This context helps us to understand better than before three key events of the years 1968–1973: the emergence of the first terrorist groups in Italy (the Partisans Action Groups and the Red Brigades); the bombing of the electric mains line where Giangiacomo Feltrinelli lost his life; and the car crash in which Enrico Berlinguer was involved in 1973 during an official visit to Bulgaria. An analysis of the Cold War context in which Italian terrorism (and specifically the Red Brigades) developed reveals origins and patterns that are different to those usually identified in the literature.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2025 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.