No abstract

The observed homicide variability between Latin American countries can be explained largely by differences in the countries' social contexts and political models. In those countries where homicide rates are extremely high, governments should review their current policies and take preventive actions. Fortunately increasingly nowadays there are promising advancements in that direction.

El artículo procura mostrar que la situación de violencia que se presenta a inicios del Siglo XXI en América Latina es un fenómeno novedoso desde el punto de vista sociológico, tanto por el crecimiento en sus magnitudes, como por lo singular de sus características. Se trata, argumenta el autor, de una violencia que no tiene orígenes o propósitos políticos, sino sociales y está vinculada al proceso de empobrecimiento que ha tenido la región a partir de los años ochenta y que ha creado unas condiciones de exclusión educativa y laboral para una gran parte de la población. Esta nueva violencia afecta fundamentalmente a los jóvenes de la segunda generación urbana quienes están expuestos a unas altas expectativas de consumo que no pueden satisfacer por los medios proscritos por la sociedad, y quienes ven en la violencia y el uso de las armas de fuego un medio para construir su identidad como hombres y lograr medios económicos para satisfacer sus aspiraciones. Este proceso de violencia delincuencial se ve acompañado de un incremento en la violencia policial, todo lo cual tiene grandes costos psicológicos y económicos para la población, costos y daños que se ven agravados por la desconfianza e ineficencia del sistema de justicia penal existente en América Latina.

This article attempts to establish some postulates to orient health education aimed at promoting community participation. Theories on human action serve as the point of departure for establishing two currents of thought explaining action or non-action by people. Two working principles are proposed, i.e., that it is necessary to both know and rely on human beings. These two principles are expressed in two premises: "Only by knowing individuals and their living circumstances is it possible to take efficient and on-going action in health," and "No one can care for someone else's health if that person does not wish to do so himself/herself." The author goes on to raise seven theses: 1. There is no such thing as one person knowing and another not knowing; rather, there are two people who know distinct things. 2. Education is imparted not only through educational programs, but in all health-related action. 3. Ignorance is not a void to be filled, but a plenitude to be changed. 4. Education should be dialogical and participatory. 5. Education should reinforce people's self-confidence. 6. Education should seek to reinforce the effort-achievement model of knowledge. 7. Education should promote individual responsibility and collective cooperation.

Interpersonal violence has become one of the main public health issues in Latin American cities. This article presents a framework for sociological interpretation that operates on three levels, expressed in the factors that originate, foment, or facilitate violence. Macro-social factors include: social inequality due to the increase in wealth versus poverty; the paradox of more schooling with fewer employment opportunities; increasing expectations and the impossibility of meeting them; changes in family structure; and loss of importance of religion in daily life. At the meso-social level the analysis highlights: increased density in poor areas and urban segregation; masculinity cult; and changes in the local drug market. The micro-social level includes: an increase in the number of firearms; alcohol consumption; and difficulties in verbal expression of feelings. The article concludes with an analysis of how violence is leading to the breakdown not only of urban life but also of citizenship as a whole in Latin America.