Causal relationships can be either direct (e.g., when one ball strikes another) or indirect (e.g., when one ball strikes an intermediary object that then strikes a second ball). Whereas it has been hypothesized that direct causal relationships are detected automatically by visual brain regions, semantic representations have been shown to mediate the perception of indirect causal relationships. Experimental psycholinguistic research has shown that lexical sentences such as 'the orange ball moves the purple ball' tend to describe direct causal events exclusively whereas periphrastic sentences such as 'the orange ball causes the purple ball to move' describe either direct or indirect causal events. Thus, the periphrastic structure might confer a semantic advantage in the representation of complex causal relationships. This advantage might be instantiated by top-down influences from frontal brain regions on parietal and posterior visual areas. With functional magnetic resonance imaging, we aimed to identify the neural substrates underlying the hypothetical semantic advantage of the periphrastic causative representation in causal perception while participants read periphrastic and lexical instructions. Greater activity in the frontal cortex, precuneus, and the secondary visual area was observed when the participants read the periphrastic instruction compared to the lexical instruction. These findings are interpreted as reflecting anticipatory activity of visual areas modulated by frontal topdown influences of the semantic representation elicited by the periphrastic causative structure.Key Words: Causal representation, neurolinguistics, periphrastic causatives, lexical causatives. 61Resumen: Las relaciones causales pueden ser directas (e.g., cuando una bola golpea a otra) o indirectas (e.g., cuando una bola golpea a un objeto intermediario que posteriormente golpea a una segunda bola). Mientras se ha hipotetizado que las relaciones causales directas son detectadas automáticamente por regiones cerebrales asociadas a la visión, se ha mostrado que las representaciones semánticas median la percepción de relaciones causales indirectas. La investigación psicolingüística ha mostrado que oraciones léxicas como 'la bola anaranjada mueve a la bola púrpura' tienden a describir exclusivamente relaciones directas, mientras oraciones perifrásticas como 'la bola anaranjada hace mover la bola púrpura' describen tanto las relaciones directas como las indirectas. Por tanto, la estructura perifrástica conferiría una ventaja semántica en la representación de relaciones causales. Esta ventaja podría estar implementada mediante actividad descendente de regiones frontales a las occipitales visuales y parietales del cerebro. Mediante resonancia magnética nuclear funcional perseguimos identificar la actividad neural que subyace a la representación perifrástica causativa en la percepción causal durante la lectura de instrucciones léxicas y perifrásticas. Se observó mayor actividad en regiones frontales, la precuña y la corteza visua...
The behavioral literature has reported the differentiation between perceived causality and higher-order causal reasoning. The advent of modern technology such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and the theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics and behavioral experimental designs have raised new hypotheses and opened new possibilities to address the perceptual and higher-order distinction in causality. In this article, we discuss and integrate recent biological and psycholinguistic work on both perceptual and linguistic representations of causality that challenges the modular view of human causal knowledge. We suggest that linguistic and sensory-perceptual representations of causal events might coexist and interact in the brain. In this sense, whereas previous work proposes that the posterior areas of the brain automatically detect the spatiotemporal structure of visual causal events and that the frontal areas integrate such information in a causal representation, results from our research program suggest that this integration process is language-driven. Two different semantic representations of causative linguistic structures (lexical and periphrastic causatives) might influence cognitive control mechanisms, memory resources, and preparatory motor responses when observers evaluate the causal nature of visual stimuli.Keywords: Causal reasoning, neural basis of causation, lexical causatives, periphrastic causatives.14 RLA. Revista de Lingüística Teórica y Aplicada, 49 (1), I Sem. 2011 RESUMENLa bibliografía conductual ha reportado diferencias entre los procesos de percepción causal y procesos superiores de razonamiento causal. El desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías como la resonancia magnética nuclear funcional, la perspectiva teórica de la lingüística cognitiva y los diseños experimentales conductuales han propiciado nuevas hipótesis y abierto nuevas posibilidades para abordar la diferencia entre percepción causal y razonamiento causal. En este artículo discutimos e integramos los recientes avances biológicos y psicolingüísti-cos sobre las representaciones perceptuales y lingüísticas de la causalidad que desafían la visión modular del conocimiento causal en el humano. Sugerimos que las representaciones lingüísticas y sensorio-perceptuales de eventos causales podrían coexistir e interactuar en el cerebro. En este sentido, mientras trabajos anteriores proponen que las áreas posteriores del cerebro detectan automáticamente la estructura espacio-temporal de los eventos causales visuales y que áreas frontales integran esa información en una representación causal, los resultados de nuestro programa de investigación sugieren que este proceso es modulado por el lenguaje. Las representaciones semánticas de dos estructuras lingüísticas diferentes (léxica y perifrástica) podrían influir en los mecanismos de control cognoscitivo, los recursos de memoria y las respuestas motoras preparatorias cuando los participantes evalúan la naturaleza causal de los eventos visuales.Palabras clave: Razonamiento causal, base...
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