ResumoO objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência do tipo de poliolefina e da razão de sopro (RS) nas propriedades físicas e térmicas de filmes produzidos em processo de extrusão tubular. No processamento foram utilizados um polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) e um polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) transformados numa linha de extrusão de filme tubular com três RS de 1,5:1; 2,5:1 e 3,5:1. Os resultados das caracterizações físicas dos filmes mostraram maior variação de espessura no perímetro dos filmes tubulares de PEAD, quando comparados aos de PEBD. O aumento da RS causou uma diminuição de amplitude desta variação nos filmes tubulares de PEBD e diferenças nas propriedades ópticas. O coeficiente de atrito (COF) dos filmes foi menor para o PEAD e não teve variação significativa com o aumento da RS utilizada. Em relação às propriedades mecânicas, os filmes de PEAD apresentaram maior resistência à tração e menores valores de deformação no ponto de escoamento em ambas as direções. As RS maiores apresentaram similaridade nas tensões e nas deformações entre as direções da máquina (DM) e transversal (DT). A RS ideal, constatada para os filmes processados com PEBD, é 2,5:1 e com PEAD, é 3,5:1. Os filmes de PEAD apresentaram opacidade maior e menor brilho, quando comparados aos filmes de PEBD. Os resultados comprovaram valores conhecidos na literatura, entretanto introduziu-se uma inovação neste estudo: a utilização da técnica termográfica digital portátil, que permite visualizar, de maneira instantânea (on-line), as variações de temperatura no perímetro do balão, na zona de névoa (região de cristalização ou solidificação do filme). Palavras-chave: PEBD, PEAD, PELBD, razão de sopro, linha de névoa, filme tubular, termográfica. AbstractThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of the polyolefin type and the blow-up ratio (BUR) on the thermal physical properties of films produced in a blown film extrusion process. It was used low density polyethylene (LDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) processed in a blown film extrusion line at three BUR of: 1.5:1; 2.5:1 and 3.5:1. The results of physical characterization on these films demonstrated that the increase in the BUR shows a higher thickness variation in the perimeter of tubular films and, therefore, optical properties variation. The coefficient of friction (COF) of the films was smaller for HDPE and did not have significant variation with the increase in the BUR applied. Regarding mechanical properties, HDPE films showed higher tensile strength and lower strain values in the yield point, in both directions. The largest BUR showed higher similarity of the tensions and strains between the machine direction (MD) and transverse direction (TD). The ideal BUR observed for films processed with LDPE is 2.5:1, for HDPE this number is higher and close to 3.5:1. The HDPE films showed more opacities and less brightness when compared to LDPE films. The results prove well known values in the literature, however, there was an innovation introduced in this study ...
Introduction:The antiinflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) plays an important role in Chagas disease, a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 1D11, a neutralizing antibody to all three isoforms of TGF-beta, on T. cruzi infection: in vitro and in vivo.Methodology: To this end, cardiomyocytes were seeded for 24h, incubated with trypomastigotes and treated with 1D11 (100ug/ml). C57BL/6 mice were also infected with T. cruzi (10 2 parasites from the Colombian strain) and, after 120 dpi, treated with 1D11(10mg/kg). Results:In the present study, we show that the addition of 1D11 greatly reduces cardiomyocyte invasion by T. cruzi, in vitro. Further, the treatment significantly reduces the number of parasites per infected cell. In a murine experimental model, the T. cruzi-infection altered the cardiac electrical conduction: decreasing the heart rate, increasing the PR interval and the P wave duration. The treatment with 1D11 reversed this process, improving the cardiac performance and reducing the fibrosis of the cardiac tissue. Taken together, these data further confirm the major role of the TGF-beta signaling pathway in both T. cruzi-infection, in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion:The therapeutic effects of 1D11 are promising and suggest a new possibility to treat cardiac fibrosis in the chronic phase of Chagas' heart disease by TGF-β neutralization.
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