Comparison of the structures of these two enzymes has revealed one major difference: the structure of the hyperthermophilic enzyme contains a striking series of ion-pair networks on the surface of the protein subunits and buried at both interdomain and intersubunit interfaces. We propose that the formation of such extended networks may represent a major stabilizing feature associated with the adaptation of enzymes to extreme temperatures.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial degenerative pathology, whose progression is exacerbated by pro-inflammatory cytokines signaling. Among the changes triggered in chondrocytes during inflammation, modified expression of tiny epigenetic regulators as microRNAs was shown having deleterious implications for articular cartilage. Aim of the present study was to identify differentially expressed microRNAs in human OA cartilage and to determine their relevance to pathological progression. An OA model based on inflammatory stimulation of a chondrocytic human cell line was used to analyze microRNAs deregulation, and results revealed miR-149 severely down-regulated by IL1β and TNFα. Real-time PCR analysis of miR-149 was exerted also in human primary chondrocytes isolated from cartilage of OA donors and postmortem from subjects with no known history of OA, confirming down-regulation in osteoarthritis. Moving on a functional study, miR-149 regulatory effect on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 1 beta (IL1β) and interleukin 6 (IL6) 3'UTRs was evaluated by luciferase assays, and chondrocytes production of TNFα upon miR-149 transfection was measured by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay. We found that miR-149 is down-regulated in OA chondrocytes, and this decrease seems to be correlated to increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL1β and IL6. OA is a multifactorial disease and we think that our results give new insights for understanding the complex mechanisms of osteoarthritic pathogenesis.