Purpose: The goal of this in vitro study was to identify the topographical features of the enamel surface deproteinized and etched with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) compared to phosphoric acid alone. Materials and method: Ten extracted lower first and second permanent molars were polished with pumice and water, and then divided into 4 equal buccal sections having similar physical and chemical properties. The enamel surfaces of each group were subjected to the following treatments: Group A: Acid Etching with H3PO4 37% for 15 seconds. Group AH1: Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) 5.25% for 30 seconds followed by Acid Etching with H3PO4 37% for 15 seconds. Group AH2 ; Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) 5.25% for 60 seconds followed by Acid Etching with H3PO4 37% for 15 seconds. Results showed that group AH2 etching technique reached an area of 76.6 mm2 of the total surface, with a 71.8 mm2 (94.47%), type 1 and 2 etching pattern, followed by group AH1 with 55.9 mm2 out of 75.12 mm2 (74.1%), and finally group A with only 36.8 mm2 (48.83%) out of an area of 72.7 mm2. A significant statistical difference (P <0 .05) existed between all groups, leading to the conclusion that enamel deproteinization with 5.25% NaOCl for 1 minute before H3PO4, etching increases the enamel conditioning surface as well as the quality of the etching pattern.

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Purpose: The goal of this in vitro study was to identify the topographical features of deproteinized (NaOCl)and etched with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) enamel surface, compared to phosphoric acid surface alone with a Resin Replica model. Materials: Ten extracted lower first and second permanent molars were polished with pumice and water, and then divided into 3 equal buccal sections having similar physical and chemical properties. The enamel surfaces of each group were subjected to the following treatments: Group A: Acid Etching with H3PO4 37% for 15 seconds. Group B: Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) 5.25% for 60 seconds followed by Acid Etching with H3PO4 37% for 15 seconds. Group C; No treatment (control). All the samples were treated as follow: Adhesive and resin were applied to all groups after A, B and C treatment were performed; Then enamel/dentin decalcification and deproteinization and topographic SEM Resin Replica assessment were used to identify resin tags enamel surface quality penetration. Results showed that group B reached an area of 7.52mm2 of the total surface, with a 5.68 mm2 (73%)resin tag penetration equivalent type I and II etching pattern, 1.71 mm2 (26%) equivalent to type III etching pattern and 0.07 mm2 (1%)unaffected surface. Followed by group A with 7.48 mm2 of the total surface, with a 3.47 mm2 (46 %)resin tag penetration equivalent to type I and II etching pattern, 3.30 mm2 (45 %)equivalent to type III etching pattern and 0.71 mm2, and (9 %) unaffected surface. Group C did not show any resin tag penetration. A significant statistical difference (P <0,001) existed between groups A and B in resin quality penetration, leading to the conclusion that when the enamel is deproteinizated with 5.25% NaOCl for 1 minute prior H3PO4,the surface and topographical features of the replica resin penetration surface increases significantly with type I-II etching pattern.

There are more than 2 million residents with disabilities in Mexico. Despite national legislation to assure individuals with disabilities needed services, including education and employment, social inclusion of these individuals is difficult since societal views exclude them from functioning as members of a community. While there are no national studies of the dental needs of individuals with disabilities in Mexico, reports of the general population indicate limited use of dental services and the need for increased restorative services. Examples of dental education accreditation standards in other countries are used as models for the improvement in the preparation of dental students to provide services for individual with special needs.

It is important to recognize the development of an arch-width problem in pediatric patients and to determine the best time to treat it. One of these conditions is the posterior (buccal) crossbite where one may also find an exaggerated overjet, caused by maxillary excess, and/or mandibular width deficiency. One may also find a mandibular midline deviation on the side of the crossbite, creating a long-term orthopedic problem with a mild facial asymmetry. When correction of this condition is attempted in adulthood, poor results can be expected, making this the most important reason for early treatment. Six clinical cases are presented, along with the mechanics performed in both arches