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Land coapplication of water treatment residuals (WTR) with biosolids has not been extensively researched, but the limited studies performed suggest that WTR sorb excess biosolidsborne P. To understand the long-term effects of a single coapplication and the short-term impacts of a repeated coapplication on soil P inorganic and organic transformations, 7.5-by 15-m plots with treatments of three different WTR rates with a single biosolids rate (5, 10, and 21 Mg WTR ha −1 and 10 Mg biosolids ha −1 ) surface coapplied once in 1991 or surface reapplied in 2002 were utilized. Soils from the 0-to 5-cm depth were collected in 2003 and 2004 and were sequentially fractionated for inorganic and organic P (P o ). Inorganic P fractionation determined (i) soluble and loosely bound, (ii) Al-bound, (iii) Fe-bound, (iv) occluded, and (v) Ca-bound P, while organic P fractionation determined (i) labile, (ii) biomass, (iii) moderately labile, (iv) fulvic acid, (v) humic acid, and (vi) nonlabile associated P o . Pathway analysis showed that humic, fulvic, and nonlabile P o did not play a role in P transformations. Biomass P o and moderately labile P o contributed to the transitory labile P o pool. Labile P o was a P source for Fe-bound and WTR-bound inorganic phases, with the Fe-bound phase transitory to the occluded P sink. The Al-bound phase additionally contributed to the occluded P sink. The Ca-bound phase weathered and released P to both the Fe-bound and WTR-bound P phases. Overall, the WTR fraction, even 13 yr after the initial application, acted as the major stable P sink.Abbreviations: β, standardized pathway coeffi cients; P o , organic phosphorus; WTR, water treatment residuals.

In July 2007, the UK Information Commissioner's Office commissioned a team of researchers, coordinated by Loughborough University, to conduct a study into Privacy Impact Assessments (PIAs). This was with a view to developing PIA guidance for the UK. The project resulted in two key deliverables: a study of the use of PIAs in other jurisdictions, identifying lessons to be learnt for the UK; and a handbook that can be used to guide organisations through the PIA process, taking into account the provisions of the UK Data Protection Act (DPA) 1998. This paper draws on the original research undertaken as part of that assignment to provide an overview of the ICO-funded project and the extent to which PIAs can be used in the current UK context. Firstly, the authors consider the findings of the comparative study and how the UK experience can be informed by developments overseas. Secondly, the paper outlines the development of the handbook during the course of the project and the extent to which it has been influenced by the overseas experience and the current UK political context. Thirdly, aspects of the handbook itself are considered and explained. Particular attention is paid to: its format; its key features; and feedback received on an interim version from a focus group of experienced data protection and project management practitioners. Finally, the paper concludes by stating why the study and the handbook provide appropriate tools for guidance in the current UK context, and how they can be developed further.