The fragility of digital data as a means of storing our images, texts and finances, is well-known to anyone who has ever experienced a failed hard drive, with vital work still to be backed up. Curators worldwide are charged with finding means of safely preserving all the born digital and digitised material in their collections. Yet the likelihood that technologies and generally accepted methods for data preservation utilised at the start of their time in post, are likely to be vastly different in every way, later in their career. We are already aware of many of the technical issues faced in longer-term digital preservation, redundant software and file formats, data storage hardware failure, bit rot literally breaking down data over time, to name but a few. However, these may be the least of the issues facing our particular digital works in any archive, supposing there is no funding for further vital migration, or the archive has newer material that is considered more important, or simply that our, yet unborn, great-great-grandchildren have very different aesthetic tastes and do not like or value our particular collection. This paper proposes an alternative approach to very long-term digital preservation where our most important and significant works of art can be safely preserved for centuries into the future, by utilising a proven technology many thousands of years old. Film digitisation. Image restoration. Long-term digital archiving. Curation and accession. Pigment ink printing.
The history of the book is a well advanced field, as is the study of medieval manuscripts, but the history of record keeping and archives has been left somewhat behind. There is no general history of British archival administration or archival thought, and only a few short case studies that go further back than the twentieth century. 2 This paper is not only offered as another case study, or rather case studies, but also suggests an hypothesis as to the motivations and conceptions that have led institutions to keep written records over the last five hundred years. It examines the archive catalogues and calendars which exist in four Oxford colleges and attempts to understand why they were compiled. 3 A model is proposed that archives have at various times been kept either as an aid to administration, or as a source for antiquarians and historians, and that the emphasis between these two positions has often shifted.University College is the oldest of the four Colleges under examination, tracing its origins back to a bequest made in 1249. 4 It was also for many years the poorest College of the four: the number of its Fellows only consistently reached double figures in the 1650s, and every valuation of the Oxford Colleges' wealth put it in the lowest division. Like many small Colleges, however, it possessed a unique selling point: until the 1850s most of its Fellowships and Scholarships were open only to men from north-eastern England, and the College became very popular with people from that area. In the seventeenth century between a quarter and a third of all its undergraduate members came from Yorkshire.
L'arx albana de Domitien apparaît chez les auteurs anciens comme une maison des horreurs où le prince se serait livré à toute sorte d'exactions. Située à proximité de Rome, en bordure d'un lac, elle présentait en fait tous les avantages de la villa suburbaine classique, républicaine ou impériale, et, de fait, des antécédents républicains sont attestés à proximité. Peu de vestiges subsistent de l'édifice, étage sur trois terrasses ; mais la grotte artificielle du Ninfeo Bergantino, au bord du lac, rappelle très étroitement celle, naturelle, de Sperlonga aménagée dans une villa de Tibère près de Formies. L'examen des données littéraires montre qu'à Albe Domitien menait une activité partagée entre plaisirs traditionnels de la villa suburbaine et travail. Seule, la volonté délibérée de nuire à la mémoire de l'empereur a transformé en palais de l'épouvante ce qui n'était qu'un lieu de villégiature comme en possédèrent après lui Trajan, ou Hadrien avec la célèbre villa de Tibur.
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