BackgroundMaternal feeding practices have been proposed to play an important role in early child weight gain and obesogenic eating behaviors. However, to date longitudinal investigations in young children exploring these relationships have been lacking. The aim of the present study was to explore prospective relationships between maternal feeding practices, child weight gain and obesogenic eating behaviors in 2-year-old children. The competing hypothesis that child eating behaviors predict changes in maternal feeding practices was also examined.MethodsA sample of 323 mother (mean age = 35 years, ± 0.37) and child dyads (mean age = 2.03 years, ± 0.37 at recruitment) were participants. Mothers completed a questionnaire assessing parental feeding practices and child eating behaviors at baseline and again one year later. Child BMI (predominantly objectively measured) was obtained at both time points.ResultsIncreases in child BMI z-scores over the follow-up period were predicted by maternal instrumental feeding practices. Furthermore, restriction, emotional feeding, encouragement to eat, weight-based restriction and fat restriction were associated prospectively with the development of obesogenic eating behaviors in children including emotional eating, tendency to overeat and food approach behaviors (such as enjoyment of food and good appetite). Maternal monitoring, however, predicted decreases in food approach eating behaviors. Partial support was also observed for child eating behaviors predicting maternal feeding practices.ConclusionsMaternal feeding practices play an important role in the development of weight gain and obesogenic eating behaviors in young children and are potential targets for effective prevention interventions aiming to decrease child obesity.

Background: Body dissatisfaction is associated with impairment in women's quality of life (QoL). To date, research has not examined the relationship between body dissatisfaction and men's QoL, or sex differences in this relationship. Methods:A community sample of 966 males and 1,031 females living in Australia provided information about their body dissatisfaction, mental health and physical health-related QoL, and eating disorder symptoms. Data were analysed using three hierarchical multiple regressions and interactions between body dissatisfaction and sex were examined.Results: For both sexes, increasing levels of body dissatisfaction were associated with poorer mental and physical health-related QoL and greater psychological distress. The adverse associations between body dissatisfaction and mental health-related QoL, and between body dissatisfaction and psychological distress, were more pronounced for males. Conclusion:High levels of body dissatisfaction may threaten the psychological and physical wellbeing of both men and women. Body dissatisfaction appears to be a public health problem, distinct from the eating disorders and other adverse psychological phenomena for which body dissatisfaction is commonly discussed as a risk factor. Males, historically understudied and underrepresented in body image research, warrant increased empirical attention.

sample sizes and a high resolution of clinical phenotypes and medication are required, while accounting for variables known to affect the gut microbiome. Finally, drug effects are often dose-dependent, yet dosage is rarely considered in microbiome studies.To overcome these limitations, we propose a general framework for separating disease from treatment associations in multi-omics cross-sectional studies and apply it to gut metagenomic, host clinical and metabolomic measurements of 2,173 European residents from the multicentre MetaCardis cohort. The MetaCardis cohort includes patients with metabolic syndrome, severe and morbid obesity, T2D, acute and chronic coronary artery disease and heart failure, and healthy control individuals. Considering cardiometabolic disease (CMD) and herein frequently prescribed medications, we investigated drug-hostmicrobiome associations for eight major indications (antidiabetic,

Both salt-loading studies and reports of free-living populations find that urinary calcium excretion increases approximately 1 mmol (40 mg) for each 100 mmol (2300 mg) increase in dietary sodium in normal adults. Renal calcium stone-formers with hypercalciuria appear to have greater proportional increases in urinary calcium (approximately 2 mmol) per 100 mmol increase in salt intake. Thus, reduction of dietary NaCl may be a useful strategy to decrease the risk of forming calcium-containing kidney stones..There has been re-evaluation of the role of diet in the pathogenesis of calcium renal Data are accumulating that suggest habitual excessive NaCl intake could be a significant dietary factor in promoting calcium renal Na-Ca Interactions in Normal SubjectsRecent research supports the early observation that high intakes of NaCl result in relative, if not absolute, hypercalciuria (24-hour calcium excretion >0.1 mmol/kg body weight).8 Table 1 provides a summary of studies in which NaCl loads were given to subjects and the effect on urinary calcium excretion subsequently determined.34."7.9-21 The relationship between dietary sodium (expressed as urinary excretion) and urinary calcium is expressed as the ratio of calcilim excretion : sodium excretion in mmol calcium per 100 mmol sodium. In the studies cited, there was an overall ratio of 0.8 calcium: sodium in nonstone-forming adult subjects, with a range of 0.3-2.3. It should be noted that studies of the effect of sodium on urinary calcium generally assume that the sodium is accompanied by chloride. Sodium bicarbonate22 and sodium citrateI4 do not increase urinary calcium when compared with equimolar sodium chloride.In agreement with the salt-loading studies, cross-sectional surveys of free-living individuals consistently demonstrate a positive relationship between urinary calcium and sodium excretion in This review was prepared adult men and women.3~13~15~19~21~23-27 The overall ratio of calcium excretion (1.1 mmol per 100 mmol sodium excretion) shown in Table 2 is apparently higher in healthy, free-living populations than indicated by the salt-loading studies (ratio of 0.8), which may reflect a nonlinear relationship over the ranges of NaCl intakes fed in loading studies. A threshold effect may occur so that further increases in dietary NaCl no longer affect calcium e~c r e t i 0 n . l~ It appears that the greatest effect of dietary sodium on urinary calcium may be in the range of low to moderate sodium intakes, i.e., 50-200 mmol/day. In where upper sodium intakes ranged from 137 to 220 mmol/day and lower intakes from 45 to 97 mmol/day, the ratio of calcium : sodium excretion was 1.1. This indicates that for every 100 mmol sodium excreted there is approximately 1 mmol loss of urinary calcium in free-living, normocalciuric healthy populations. studiesl~,15-17.20-21 Na-Ca Interactions in Stone-formersKidney stones occur frequently and may affect 10% to 20% of A m e r i c a n~.~ The majority of renal stones are composed of calcium oxalate, and the incidence of this type...

The SAB-BN questionnaire provides a potentially useful tool for evaluating stigma in relation to BN. Results provide insight into components of stigma and the demographic groups to whom interventions should be targeted.