BRAF mutation may be a key genetic factor for the metastatic progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The study demonstrates that this gene mutation is a significant risk factor for locoregional lymph node metastasis and has potential utility as a surrogate marker.
Synovial sarcomas (SS) are characterized by the t(X;18)(p11;q11) translocation and its resultant fusion gene, SYT-SSX. Two homologues of the SSX gene (ie, SSX1 and SSX2) are involved in the vast majority of SS and the SYT-SSX1 type of fusion has been associated with inferior clinical outcome. Thus, detection of the presence and type of SYT-SSX fusion is critical for diagnosis and prognosis in SS. Identification of SYT-SSX fusion type is typically accomplished by reversetranscription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by a post-PCR analytic method. As mRNA nucleotide sequences of the SSX1 and SSX2 segments involved in the SYT-SSX fusion are nearly identical, post-PCR methods must be highly discriminatory. We describe a novel method to identify and differentiate these two chimeric transcripts using RT-PCR followed by fluorescent thermostable ligase detection reaction (f-LDR), microparticle bead capture and flow cytometric detection. Evaluation of this unique approach in 11 cases of SS without prior knowledge of SYT-SSX status, six cases of control sarcomas (CS) and three hematopoietic cell lines, revealed that the f-LDR technique was rapid, unambiguous, and highly specific. The f-LDR results were compared to XmnI enzyme digestion patterns and sequencing of PCR products, revealing a 100% concordance for all cases of SS with regards to SYT-SSX transcript type. In addition, there was a strong association of transcript type detected by f-LDR and morphological subclassification of SS, as previously reported. We conclude that this f-LDR method with flow-based detection is a robust approach to post-PCR detection of specific nucleotide sequences in SS and may be more broadly applicable in molecular oncology. Synovial sarcoma (SS) is the fourth most common soft tissue sarcoma following malignant fibrous histiocytoma, liposarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. 1 These tumors predominantly affect adolescents and young adults with a predilection for periarticular regions of the extremities. Morphologically, two patterns of SS are recognized: a monophasic variant, composed entirely of a spindle cell proliferation and a biphasic variant, consisting of glands and spindle cells. Regardless of morphological type, SS is associated with the t(X;18)(p11;q11) translocation in greater than 90% of cases. 2 The presence of the t(X;18) thus constitutes a tumor specific marker for SS and can be helpful when excluding the diagnosis of other spindle cell proliferations. Specifically, the t(X;18) results in fusion of the upstream segment of the SYT gene at 18q11 to sequences of one of two related highly homologous genes at Xp11 (SSX1 or SSX2), forming a chimeric SYT-SSX gene. [3][4][5] Evaluation of the gene product of SSX suggests that it may function as a DNA binding factor, which becomes aberrantly functional with fusion to the SYT gene. 5 Although several additional SSX gene family members have been described, 6 the vast majority of SS harbor either the SYT-SSX1 or SYT-SSX2 fusions. A study by Inagaki et al 7 demonstrated a relationship w...
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