Craving has been defined as the motivation to self-administer a substance previously consumed. It has been hypothesized that craving contributes significantly to compulsive drug use and relapse after a period of abstinence in humans. Neuropsychological and brain-imaging studies have identified numerous brain regions that may be involved in craving. In this paper, the neuropsychological mechanisms of craving for nicotine are reviewed, focusing on three systems that appear to be involved in craving states. First of all, the reward system, responsible for the development of dependence and craving. Secondly, the emotional and associative system, which is related to conditioned craving. And third, the system involved in the neural basis of cognitive and decisionmaking processes. The most influential theoretical models on craving are also reviewed, including those based on conditioning mechanisms, on cognitive mechanisms and on cognitive-behavioral mechanisms, as well as the neurobiological model. Factors related to the evaluation and treatment of craving are also discussed, with particular emphasis on clinical aspects. Finally, we stress the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for achieving a common model on craving and improving the diagnostic tools and treatment strategies.Key words: craving, smoking, neuropsychological mechanisms, nicotine dependence, theoretical models. RESUMEN ABSTRACTEl craving se ha definido como la motivación de autoadministrarse una sustancia que previamente ha sido consumida. Se considera que el craving es responsable del consumo compulsivo de una sustancia, así como del alto nivel de recaídas después de periodos de abstinencia. Los estudios neuropsicológicos y de imagen cerebral han identificado numerosas regiones cerebrales implicadas en el craving. En este artículo se revisan los mecanismos neuropsicológicos implicados en el craving por la nicotina, centrándose en los tres sistemas involucrados en el craving. Primero, el sistema de recompensa, responsable del desarrollo de la dependencia y del craving. Segundo, el sistema emocional y asociativo que se relaciona con el craving condicionado. Tercero, el sistema implicado en la toma de decisiones y procesos cognitivos. Además, se revisa los modelos teóri-cos más influyentes, como los Modelos basados en el Condicionamiento, Modelos Cognitivo-Conductuales, Modelos Cognitivos y Modelo Neurobiológico. También se discuten otros aspectos relacionados con la evaluación y tratamiento del craving, haciendo énfasis en los aspectos clínicos. Como conclusión, se acentúa la importancia de un enfoque multidisciplinar para lograr un modelo común del craving, así como para mejorar las herramientas diagnósticas y las estrategias de tratamiento.
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