in some cases racial differences between the SSS subgroups, all share cultural and socioeconomic similarities that allow us to speak here with relative ease of the SSS as a homogeneous group.

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The advent of new processes involving new materials and the need for lowering energy consumption are promoting the development of new liquid-liquid extraction equipment. In this work, energy is used to blow a gas (air) through the column to create a sufficient area of contact between the liquids. We have a three-phase L-L-G system which has the advantages of hollow columns for working with suspended solids and has no moving parts. The column can also function as a gas-liquid reactor, and the second liquid phase can be utilized as an extracting agent to shift the reaction towards the desired product or to remove chemicals which impede the principal reaction [l]. Moreover, a large quantity of experimental data has been published on the hydrodynamics of one three-phase system, viz. the solid-liquid-gas system [2], but no data on L-L-G systems are available in the literature. The aim of this work is to study empirically the operational capacity of this three-phase column, and to determine the operating limits and various design parameters. ExperimentalThe experimental equipment consists of three parts: liquid and gas supply systems and the contact column. Water and countercurrent kerosene mutually saturated were continuously introduced into the column by means of a dosimeter pump and a damping tank. The air was saturated in both liquids and introduced into the column base through a hole 3 mm in diameter. The cylindrical Pyrex glass column has a length of 3.05111 and a diameter of 5.2cm; bell-shaped reservoirs at its extremes make up the total volume to 12dm3. Sampling and tape pressure points were distributed along the column. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the flow depend mainly on the magnitude of gas flow. Flow of gas in the slug regime and of kerosene in the drop regime result at high gas flow rates; the bubble and swarm regimes are obtained for the respective media at lower gas flow rates, and the corresponding gas flow rate limit increases with the water/ kerosene liquid flow ratio. Furthermore, at intermediate gas flow rates, the gas is in the bubble and kerosene in the drop flow regime for low kerosene flow ratcs, and the gas in the slug and kerosene in the swarm regime at very high kerosene flow rates. Apart from the existence of these four possible regimes, the column is heterogeneous and we will preferentially have gas in bubbles and kerosene in swarms in the bottom part of the column. The operating limits of this countercurrent column are thus the insufficient efficiency (or excessively large droplets) at the lower gas flow rates, and the high gas upflow rate which entrains the descending water flow. Over this upper gas flow limit, the entrainment percentage could be adjusted to the power of 1.15 and 1.40 of the two rising flow rates of kerosene and air, respectively. ResultsThe droplet size was investigated by photographic techniques with less than lo-' exposure time in duplicate tests. Most of the drops were between 0.1 and 5mm in diameter. The Sauter mean diameters and variances of the size distri...

By what mechanisms has China's developing capitalist labor market been producing stratification patterns of reemployment and wage differences among laid-off workers in the late 1990s? Theoretical perspectives delineating state, market, and societal mechanisms are used to guide exploratory analyses of data from a sample of workers who were laid off from state-owned textile enterprises in the Tianjin municipality. Three findings are reported. First, men with what Portes defined as downward leveling "negative social capital" are less likely to become reemployed. A second, more tenuous, finding is that workers with a higher level of education are more likely to be reemployed. Third, workers with a social network tie to at least one official from a government administrative agency are more likely to be reemployed and, among those reemployed, more likely to earn higher wages, as compared to workers with a social network tie to at least one official from a state-owned enterprise or workers lacking a social network tie to any official. This third finding, along with reports of analogous findings culled from a review of published literature, stimulates us to go beyond the data to theoretically speculate about how Chinese officialdom has become somewhat more differentiated and consequent ramifications for understanding newly emerging changes in China's stratification order.As the new millennium dawned on urban China, the emerging capitalist labor market was poised to become one of the preeminent institutions reshaping social stratification. The lay-off of 26 million workers from state-owned enterprises in the last 3 years of the twentieth century (Fewsmith 2001) heralded the advent of dramatic changes for the lives of many ordinary Chinese people. Our aim is to explore ways in which the developing labor market was actually producing new stratification patterns, both in terms of both reemployment and wages. We make use of Nee and Cao's (1999) meta-theoretical classification of general stratification issues in Chinese society to guide our research. Our focus is on theoretical issues specifically relating to laid-off workers. We use their analytical approach, along with our empirical findings, to launch a theoretical speculation about ways in which the developing capitalistic labor market might be influencing the stratification of population in marketizing China.