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This paper presents a survey of the worldwide use of Digital Television interactivity (DTVi) standards. First, we recall some concepts of first-generation interactivity middlewares released in the early 2000s, such as the European MHP (based on Java) and the Japanese BML (based on XML). Then, we cover the new standards (emerging after 2010) that introduced the new Integrated Broadcast Broadband (IBB) model, which combines broadcast signals with a broadband interface and leverages synergies to offer high-quality, flexible, interactive and customized services and applications to viewers. Regarding IBB systems, we also cover the main aspects of their architectures and innovations introduced by this kind of technology, such as support to companion devices, e.g., smartphones, tablets, targeted advertisements, and integration with Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. Finally, we show the current adoption of different IBB systems around the world as well as current challenges regarding IBB technologies.

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Entering the world of Interactive Digital Television (iDTV) applications can lead to an exhaustive process that involves reading extensive standards and may need a robust middleware solution to run Ginga-NCL applications, which is a subset of Ginga and the standard for interactivity of digital television adopted in Latin America countries. Even though there are some open and commercial solutions for development of Ginga applications available on the market, most of these solutions present downsides such as deep dependency of Ginga engine implementation, need of complex en- vironment setup and they are not very intuitive NCL/NCLua coding platforms. To solve these issues, we created an IDE developed in web technology that makes possible for students and professionals to learn how to develop Ginga-NCL applications. With this tool, developers can write, validate and experiment their applications entirely on the web environment, with no software installation required.

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