The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of washing and trimming broiler carcasses to reduce bacterial contamination. At the postevisceration site, 100 broiler carcasses were collected during 4 visits to a slaughterhouse in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Birds were from the same flock, age, and approximately 2.4 kg of weight. Groups were as follows: group 1, with fecal contamination; group 2, without fecal contamination; group 3, with fecal contamination and trimmed; group 4, with fecal contamination and washed; group 5, with fecal contamination, and washed and trimmed. Carcass washings were performed with at least 1.5 L/bird of potable water (0.5 to 1 mg/kg of residual chlorine) at room temperature (20-25°C) using spray cabinets with 44 spray nozzles distributed into 2 chambers (pressure of 2 kgf/cm(2) and 4 kgf/cm(2)). Washed carcasses (trimmed or not) showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower counts of aerobic mesophiles (plate count agar) on the third evaluation, and even lower (P < 0.01) counts for total coliforms (CT) and fecal coliforms (Escherichia coli). Trimmed carcasses showed significantly lower counts (P < 0.05) for plate count agar; however, we observed higher counts for E. coli (P < 0.05). The association of both treatments (washing and trimming) showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) counts for coliforms (CT and E. coli). We can conclude that the washing method is overall more efficient than the trimming method to decontaminate chicken carcasses at the postevisceration site. Hopefully, our findings can help poultry companies to minimize production costs by applying the washing method for carcass decontamination.
Adhesion proteins from Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) encoded by cytadhesion genes mgc1 and mgc2 were cloned into plasmid vectors and transformed into E. coli. Seventeen groups of specific-pathogen free (SPF), birds at four weeks of age were used to inoculate these two proteins (MGC1 and MGC2) mixed into an oil emulsion creating a novel MG vaccine. Six different protein concentrations (50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1000µg/bird) were tested with two equal concentration doses at four and seven weeks of age. In addition, many control groups were needed such as bacterin, membrane, no vaccine or challenge, oil emulsion alone, and no vaccine but challenged. Three weeks following the second vaccination, 50% of the birds in each treatment group were challenged with MG strain S6. The remaining birds were left as contacts to verify protection against horizontal transmission. All birds were bled before vaccinations, challenge and euthanasia. Birds were negative for MG at the first vaccination, as shown by serum plate agglutination test. At necropsy, tissue samples (trachea, lungs, and air sacs) were collected for histopathological examination. Swabs from trachea were used for PCR analysis. ELISA results showed a strong immune response to both protein preparations and almost the same response level for different doses tested, proving the immunogenic features of MGC1 and MGC2. However, humoral responses failed to prevent MG infection and disease when challenged as demonstrated by PCR and histopathology. MGC1 contact birds showed some degree of infection by PCR analysis. In addition, histopathological and ELISA results suggest that contact birds did not have enough time to develop lesions and to mount an immune response.Keywords: evaluation, development, mycoplasmas, poultry, vaccine (50, 100, 200, 400, 800, e 1000µg/ave) RESUMO Os genes mgc1 e mgc2, codificadores de duas proteínas de adesão (MGC1 e MGC2) da bactéria Mycoplasma gallisepticum, foram clonados em E. coli. Dezessete grupos de aves livres de patógenos específicos (SPF), com quatro semanas de idade, foram inoculados com uma emulsão oleosa contendo as proteínas MGC1 e MGC2 purificadas. Seis concentrações
A homocisteína plasmática associada à mutação no gene da 5-metiltetra-hidrofolato (MTHFR) é considerada um fator de risco para doença coronariana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer o número de indivíduos com essa mutação. Os exames solicitados foram enviados para o laboratório Genolab, abrangendo a cidade de Curitiba-PR. Foi utilizado o método da reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (RT-PCR), tendo como base os laudos para a detecção da mutação C677T em um período dois anos. Vinte e três indivíduos possuíam o genótipo homozigoto C; nove, o homozigoto T; e 35, o heterozigoto. A detecção dessa mutação é importante para uma orientação no tratamento inicial de pacientes que possuem doenças coronarianas correlacionadas.
Este trabalho visou medir a taxa de acúmulo mensal de forragem em pastagem de Tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon x Cynodon nlemfuensis cv. Tifton 68), bem como comparar o emprego de dois métodos de amostragem para este fim. O experimento foi conduzido em uma área de 0,96 ha, localizada no Município de Campo Erê, Estado de Santa Catarina, utilizada na alimentação de vacas em lactação mediante pastoreio rotativo. Foi empregado um delineamento completamente casualizado, com quatro repetições, cada uma contendo três estações de coleta, totalizando doze pontos de coleta. As amostragens da pastagem para determinação do acúmulo mensal de forragem (AF) ocorreram no último dia de cada mês, por meio dos métodos "não emparelhamento" (NE) e "triplo emparelhamento" (TE). A produção anual de matéria seca avaliada pelo método NE alcançou 25,4 t/ha, com 71% desse total concentrado em cinco meses: janeiro a março, novembro e dezembro. O AF diário variou de 16,94 (agosto) a 175,84 kg/ha (janeiro), indicando forte estacionalidade na produção forrageira. Os valores de AF estimados pelos métodos NE e TE foram estatisticamente semelhantes em três estações do ano, mas houve divergência no resultado relativo aos meses de outubro a dezembro (primavera), mostrando que estes métodos não são equivalentes. A pesquisa será estendida por mais dois anos, a fim de reduzir o possível efeito errático causado pelas condições climáticas específicas de um determinado ano.Palavras-Chave: Amostragem, curva de crescimento, Cynodon, gaiola de exclusão, produção de forragem.
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