Enzimas são substâncias naturais envolvidas em todos os processos bioquímicos, que dentre outras funções, são capazes de decompor moléculas complexas em unidades menores, como carboidratos em açúcares (OLIVEIRA; MULLER; SEGATO, 2004). Devido à característica de especificidade das enzimas, cada substrato possui uma enzima respectiva. No caso do amido, principal polissacarídeo de reserva dos vegetais, são as amilases as responsáveis pela sua quebra. Essas enzimas amilolíticas atuam na quebra das ligações glicosídicas presentes nas cadeias de amilose e amilopectina (LIN; HSU; CHU, 1997;GUPTA et al., 2003).As amilases estão entre as mais importantes enzimas industriais, apresentando grande importância biotecnológica, tais como aplicações nas indústrias têxteis, cervejas, bebidas destiladas, panificação, cereais para alimentação infantil, liquefação e sacarificação do amido, ração animal, indústria química e farmacêutica. Apesar de poderem ser derivadas de diversas fontes, incluindo plantas, animais e microrganismos, enzimas microbianas geralmente encontram grande demanda industrial. Atualmente, grandes quantidades de amilases microbianas estão disponíveis comercialmente e têm aplicação quase completa na hidrólise do amido em indústrias de processamento do amido (GUPTA et al., 2003;PANDEY et al., 2005).A aplicação de microrganismos como as bactérias, leveduras e principalmente os fungos, dentro da indústria alimentícia, resulta atualmente em uma indústria extremamente diversificada e com rendimentos econômicos consideravelmente AbstractThe amylases are among the most important industrial enzymes showing great biotechnological importance, mainly in the food industry. Due to the advance knowledge in enzyme research, the use of fungi as source of enzymes has acquired a prominent status in most varied industrial and commercial areas. Thus, the present study tried to identify the presence of the amylolytic activity in four stains of filamentous fungi Aspergillus nidulans, selvagem, PAT, biA1methG1 and CLB3 by using two different culture means, PDA and Complete mean with 2% starch, varying the treatments with and without the addition of glucose. The colony average diameter, the halo average diameter, and the enzymatic index were determined. The results show that all strains tested were capable of degrading starch in the absence of glucose although the treatment that presented statistically better growing and bigger degradation of starch was CM without glucose with 2% starch and the strain that demonstrated potentially degradation was CLB3 mutant. It was concluded that Aspergillus nidulans can be considered as an enzyme producer. Keywords: enzymes; amylases; fungi; biotechnology. ResumoAs amilases estão entre as mais importantes enzimas industriais, apresentando grande importância biotecnológica, principalmente na indústria alimentícia. Com o avanço no conhecimento das enzimas, a utilização dos fungos como fonte de enzimas vem adquirindo um status de destaque nas mais variadas áreas industriais e comerciais. Diante disso, o...
RESUMO O aumento das atividades industriais tem intensificado a poluição ambiental, promovendo a disposição inadequada de resíduos domésticos e industriais, principalmente resíduos perniciosos, implicando na contaminação do solo, ar, recursos hídricos superficiais e subterrâneos. Dentre as tecnologias mais utilizadas na recuperação dessas áreas degradadas, destaca-se a biorremediação, que tem, como agentes recuperadores, os micro-organismos. Portanto, o presente trabalho de revisão tem por objetivo abordar os principais aspectos da biorremediação por fungos – micorremediação de solos contaminados baseados nas diversas pesquisas já publicadas e disponíveis nos principais bancos de dados, tais como SciELO, LILACS, HighWire e PubMed. Essa biotecnologia vem sendo utilizada há vários anos em outros países e, em certos casos, apresenta menor custo e maior eficiência na remoção dos contaminantes do que as técnicas físicas e químicas que são atualmente utilizadas em escala comercial no tratamento de diversos resíduos e na remediação de áreas degradadas. Diante disso, é necessário que sejam realizados mais estudos para compreender os mecanismos de biorremediação mediada por micro-organismos, como ferramenta biológica no combate a poluição.
Numerous pollution factors generate changes in water quality and in organisms that depend on this resource, as they may contain substances with mutagenic, genotoxic and cytotoxic properties that affect the genetic integrity of organisms. The Clarimundo Stream is located in the city of Cerro Largo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from which it passes through an agricultural area and crosses the city receiving discharges of untreated household waste. This work evaluated the genotoxic potential of these waters through a bioassay with Allium cepa, usually used in biomonitoring studies. Four water collections were conducted in each season and three points were marked for the analyses. The Allium cepa bulbs were germinated for 72 hours, in the proportion of three for each sample of collection points and three in distilled water for control parameters. Subsequently, the roots were submitted to the Feulgen procedure with modifications, for the preparation of the slides. The data were submitted to statistical analysis by the Tukey test with reliability of 5%. The results showed chromosomal alterations and Mitotic Index values suggesting that the water of Clarimundo Stream has the potential to cause damage to the genome of eukaryotic organisms.
Introduction: The Magellanic Penguin migrates on the ocean currents from its reproduction colonies in Patagonia to seek abundant food on the Brazilian continental shelf. The pineal gland, an endocrine gland, whose secretions are affected by the light-darkness photoperiod, has a basic function in the biological processes of migrating animals. Melatonin, the hormone synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland affects the circadian, circannual and seasonal cycle that directly affects the migration processes of land and sea birds. Materials and Methods: Specimens were collected on the southern coast of Brazil, morphometric assessments and histological analyses of the glands were undertaken. Results: The pineal gland of the Magellanic Penguin lies in a triangular space between the brain hemispheres and the cerebellum and close to the cavernous sinus that follow the region´s dura mater. The average of the pineal gland of the penguins under analysis was 11.16mm and 1,69mm for length and thickness respectively. Test t and the coefficients of co-relationship (r) between the analyzed variables demonstrated that there was no co-relationship between the morphometric variables and the size of the pineal gland (p < 0.05). The Magellanic penguin´s pineal gland has a club-like sacular shape with cells in threads, involved and interlaced by fibrous conjunctive tissues. Conclusion: Results corroborated data in the literature and showed that the pineal gland of these birds is relatively greater than that of other birds and its tissue composition is similar to that of other vertebrates.
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