New results from recent excavation at Gird Lashkir (Erbil, Kurdistan region, Iraq) are presented in this paper. Data from the most archaic occupation phases so far discovered at the site will be discussed, with special emphasis on the Late Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age. This article presents data related to architecture and subsistence (bioarchaeological analyses, organic residue analyses, etc.) as well as craft activities (ceramic production, metallurgy, etc.). The general characterisation of the settlement in these periods will be compared to similar horizons in Northern Mesopotamia, particularly in the Erbil Plain. Résumé. Dans cet article, de nouveaux résultats provenant de récents travaux archéologiques à Gird Lashkir (Erbil, région du Kurdistan, Irak) seront présentés. Les données des phases d'occupation les plus anciennes jusqu'ici découvertes sur le site seront discutées, mettant ainsi en avant les données du Chalcolithique tardif et du début de l'âge du Bronze. Cet article présente les donnéesrelatives aux structures d'habitat décrivant plusieurs activités de subsistance (analyses bioarchéologiques, analyses de résidus organiques, etc.) ainsi que des activités productives (production de céramique, métallurgie, etc.). La caractérisation générale du peuplement dans ces périodes sera liée à l'état des connaissances pour des horizons similaires dans le Nord de la Mésopotamie et, plus précisément, dans la plaine d'Erbil.

Epipaleolithic hunter-gatherers from the Near East introduced wild boars (Sus scrofa) to Cyprus, with the Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) settlers hunting the wild descendants of these boars. However, the geographic origin of the Cypriot boar and how they were integrated into the earliest forms of pig husbandry remain unsolved. Here, we present data on 11,000 to 9000 cal. BP Sus scrofa from the PPN sites of Klimonas and Shillourokambos. We compared them to contemporaneous populations from the Near East and to Neolithic and modern populations in Corsica, exploring their origin and evolution using biosystematic signals from molar teeth and heel bones (calcanei), using 2D and 3D geometric morphometrics. We found that the Cypriot PPN lineage of Sus scrofa originates from the Northern Levant. Yet, their phenotypic idiosyncrasy suggest that they evolved into an insular sub-species that we named Sus scrofa circeus, referring to Circe, the metamorphosis goddess that changed Ulysses companions into pigs. The phenotypic homogeneity among PPNA Klimonas wild boars and managed populations of PPNB Shillourokambos suggests that local domestication has been undertaken on the endemic S. s. circeus, strengthening the idea that Cyprus was integrated into the core region of animal domestication.

Domestication implies a certain degree of human control over all aspects of animals’ life, including their ability to move freely. Consequently, domestic animals should experiment a significant reduction of their mobility regimes, such as range, duration, and intensity. Bone tissue is a plastic and alive material with the ability to remodel in response to me- chanical loading. In Tell Halula (7800–5200 cal BC) exploitation of Capra aegagrus and Capra hircus played a significant role from its earliest occupations. This study attempts to detect potential variations in cortical bone development using Computed Tomography scanning and cross-section analysis of Capra humeri in response to changes in their mobility regimes. Results support domestic specimens with loading patterns matching those of wild specimens together with loading patterns among the domestic group changing through the periods analyzed. Moments of inertia show antero- posterior and mediolateral loading differences between domestic and wild populations that may be indicative of mobility differences. Activity levels, evidenced by the relative amount of cortical bone and the polar moment of inertia, also seem to constitute a distinguishing marker of goat management strategies in the course of the archaeological sequence. The circularity index and the three different cross-sections documented also reinforce this hypothesis.

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Res. Berl. Atelier 295-322 (1999). ' were added erroneously. These references have been removed, and the Reference List has been renumbered.The original Article has been corrected.