Abstract. This paper examines tensions between two visions of schooling. One stresses social cohesion (i.e., common beliefs, shared activities, and caring relations between members). The other emphasizes strong academic mission (i.e., values and practices that reinforce high standards for student performance). Though not incongruous, numerous organizational studies reveal the potential for social cohesion and communality to be achieved at the expense of academic demand or "press." To examine their separate and joint effects, measures of academic press and communality are developed from NELS:88 First Follow-up data. Results of hierarchical regression analyses indicate (1) significant links between academic press and student achievement; (2) that academic press has its greatest achievement effect among low-SES schools; (3) that strong sense of community may have a negative impact on achievement in low-SES schools with weak academic press; and (4) that for low-and middle-SES schools, the greatest achievement effects follow from strong combinations of communality and academic press. These findings highlight an important additional component of the "school as community" model, indicating that for most schools, academic press serves as a key prerequisite for the positive achievement effects of communality.

Bangladesh is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. In particular, its riverine-island (char) dwellers face continuous riverbank erosion, frequent flooding, and other adverse effects of climate change that increase their vulnerability. This paper aims to assess the livelihood vulnerability of riverine communities by applying the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) vulnerability framework and the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI). Results indicate substantial variation in the vulnerability of char dwellers based on mainland proximity. The main drivers of livelihood vulnerability are char-dweller adaptation strategies and access to food and health services. The study further reveals that riverbank erosion, frequent flood inundation, and lack of employment and access to basic public services are the major social and natural drivers of livelihood vulnerability. Char-based policy focusing on short-and long-term strategy is required to reduce livelihood vulnerability and enhance char-dweller resilience.2 of 23 seasons are becoming drier. Challenges such as these are harmful not only to human life but also to the landscape that serves as the basis for successful agricultural activity, e.g., cropping patterns, pest infestations, crop yields, and water availability. Char dwellers regularly lose their agricultural assets, crops, livestock, and poultry, as well as the fiscal and human capital needed to maintain economic success and overall survival.Vulnerability is an emerging concept across disciplines, useful in understanding and assessing the status of people's condition in the face of natural hazards. The major characteristics of vulnerability are dynamic and influence people's social and biophysical processes and systems [2]. Significant mobilization is necessary from the government, nongovernmental organizations, researchers, and farmers to develop successful adaptation strategies [8,9]. The people of developing countries are a vulnerable community due to excessive dependency on agriculture and having low income [10]. However, these burdens may fuel the exploration of potential adaptive capacities of resource-poor communities [11,12]. The extent of people's susceptibility is increased due to the increasing vulnerability to natural hazards of almost all spheres of life, like the social, physical, human, financial, and natural dimensions [13,14]. Though the effect of natural hazards may be occasional, seasonal, or year-round [15,16], the extent of exposure is not the same for all communities.A context-specific approach is required for exploring and assessing vulnerability to draft proper policy and strategy at all administrative levels and reduce adverse effects on livelihoods [4,17,18]. The interaction between people and their biophysical and social environment is readily used to assess the development-policy framework by using specific indicators [19], representing context-specific adaptation strategies [20], to compare and monitor the extent of vulnerability over time, space, and reso...

No abstract

Widespread use of ''shadow education,'' is a major policy issue in East Asia, especially South Korea, where officials view it as harmful to educational and fiscal equity. Although previous research emphasizes functional explanations, this study takes an institutional approach, exploring how students' desire for prestigious matriculation influences their parents' spending on shadow education. It is around that that ''prestige orientation'' (1) significantly predicts parent spending, especially among students of lower socioeconomic status, and (2) yields strong impact among students with the least likelihood of prestigious matriculation. Such findings indicate that Korean shadow education serves purposes that are as much symbolic as instrumental.