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A process is proposed in which the nitrogen-containing compounds found in raw shale oil are removed by mild hydrodenitrogenation followed by resin ion exchange. Data for jet fuel (154-271 "C) and diesel fuel (271-343 "C) cuts are presented. More specifically, this study concentrates on the removal of nitrogen-containing compounds by ion exchange from two shalederived jet fuel fractions. These two fractions represent two levels (0.28 and 0.18 wt % ) of hydrodenitrogenation on the same shale oil feed. Amberlyst-15, a macroreticular, strongly acidic, cationsxchange resin, was used excluslvely throughout this study. Three types of experiments were performed: batch equilibrium experiments, batch sorption kinetics studies, and dynamic ion-exchange column performance tests. The Langmuir sorption isotherm was found to describe the equilibrium behavior of the shale oil/ion-exchange resin system. The sorption kinetics are described by using a quadratic-driving-force model. Dynamic modeling, assuming intraparticle diffusion control and including the results of the batch equilibrium and kinetic experiments, is able to predict the results of the dynamic ion-exchange column performance (breakthrough) curves.

The liquid-phase hydrogenation of els -2-ethyl-2-hexenal was performed with a number of nickel catalysts supported on modified alumina-aluminum phosphate (AAP). The AAP was modified by inclusion of a second cation during preparation, which resulted in supports with easily controllable surface properties. The addition of even small amounts of Mg, Ca, or Zn was found to affect the surface area and pore size distribution of the support greatly.When these supports were compounded with nickel they yielded catalysts with high surface areas and large pores. Their activities for the reaction of interest were far superior to that obtained with a reference commercial catalyst.

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