Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. When attempting to determine how to respond optimally to a large-scale emergency, the ability to predict the consequences of certain courses of action in silico is of great utility. Agent-based simulations (ABSs) have become the de facto tool for this purpose, however they may be used and implemented in a variety of ways. This paper reviews existing implementations of ABSs for largescale emergency response, and presents a taxonomy classifying them by usage. Opportunities for improving ABS for large-scale emergency response are identified.

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The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. AbstractAnalytical backward Euler stress integration is presented for a deviatoric yielding criterion based on a modified Reuleaux triangle. The criterion is applied to a cone model which allows control over the shape of the deviatoric section, independent of the internal friction angle on the compression meridian. The return strategy and consistent tangent are fully defined for all three regions of principal stress space in which elastic trial states may lie. Errors associated with the integration scheme are reported. These are shown to be less than 3% for the case examined. Run time analysis reveals a 2.5-5.0 times speed-up (at a material point) over the iterative Newton-Raphson backward Euler stress return scheme. Two finite-element analyses are presented demonstrating the speed benefits of adopting this new formulation in larger boundary value problems. The simple modified Reuleaux surface provides an advance over Mohr-Coulomb and Drucker-Prager yield envelopes in that it incorporates dependencies on both the Lode angle and intermediate principal stress, without incurring the run-time penalties of more sophisticated models.

a b s t r a c tDuring a major incident, the emergency services work together to ensure that those casualties who are critically injured are identified and transported to an appropriate hospital as fast as possible. If the incident is multi-site and resources are limited, the efficiency of this process is compromised as the finite resources must be shared among the multiple sites. In this paper, agent-based simulation is used to determine the allocation of resources for a two-site incident which minimizes the latest hospital arrival times for critically injured casualties. Further, how the optimal resource allocation depends on the distribution of casualties across the two sites is investigated. Such application supports the use of agentbased simulation as a tool to aid emergency response.

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