Agrophotovoltaic systems combine solar energy generation with agricultural production. In this work, a computational framework is developed to trace light rays through agrophotovoltaic greenhouses, in order to calculate the power generated by greenhouse solar cells, as well as power absorbed by crops within the greenhouse. A geometric ray-tracing algorithm is developed to track the propagation, reflection and refraction of light interacting with a translucent greenhouse. Genomic-based optimization techniques are used to meet a target greenhouse power generation level, as well as a targeted photosynthetic power absorption by optimizing the geometry, translucency and material characteristics of the greenhouse. Representative numerical examples are provided. The framework can be used to generate tailored, temporal and location-specific greenhouse designs.

Functionally gradient materials, characterized by a smooth compositional change over space, have gained attention in recent years due to their tunable properties and ability to reduce mechanical stress concentrations. Specifically, attaining high stiffness without compromising toughness is a challenge, as the properties are inversely related. Varying moduli gradients, as seen abundantly in biological materials, do not present this trade‐off, facilitating increased rigidity without altering maximum elongation. Herein, the application of stiffness gradients in porous structures is investigated through compressive mechanical testing, computerized tomography imaging, and finite element modeling. Gradients are compared to several alternative designs to investigate the importance of a smooth material transition and increased radial stiffness. All groups are compressed to 50% strain and the pre‐ and postpore closure modulus, toughness, and dimensional change in the transverse and radial directions are measured. The findings indicate that a mechanical gradient with increasing radial stiffness allows for balance of mechanical integrity and favorable recovery characteristics, crucial for long‐lasting performance. Furthermore, the structures with an increasing radial stiffness outperform those with a decreasing radial stiffness in all aspects. The results emphasize the mechanical advantages and optimization potential of a radial stiffness gradient for a wide range of load‐bearing applications.