The bilaminar zone (BZ) in the human temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of toothed adults (GI) and toothless, elderly humans (GII) were analysed using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In both groups the BZ consists of an upper and a lower stratum of connective tissue separated by a vascularized middle region. The superior stratum contains bundles of collagen fibres disposed in different directions. The fibres are fairly thick and transversely oriented immediately posterior to the TMJ disc. The initial part of the inferior stratum contains curved bundles of collagen fibres oriented anterio-posteriorly. From the middle to the posterior part of the inferior stratum, the fibres are right-aligned in GI and clearly sinuous in nature in GII. In both groups, the middle and posterior portions of the middle region are distinguished by the presence of vessels and vascular spaces. Loosely arranged connective and adipose tissues are also evident. The vascular spaces are wider in GII than in GI. The predominance of type I collagen fibres is clear in all regions of the BZ in both groups. The elastic fibres lie parallel to the collagen fibres in both groups and they are thicker and more abundant in GI, apparently decreasing in GII.

ResumoIntrodução: Os tratamentos endodônticos têm evoluído com a finalidade de preparar o sistema de canais radiculares para receber uma obturação hermética deste sistema e assim preservar a saúde dos tecidos periapicais e/ou restabelecê-la, quando acometidos por lesões. Tais metas são alcançadas mediante obediência de uma adequada preparação químico-mecânica dos canais radiculares, seguida da obturação dos mesmos. Objetivo: Analisar o preparo químico-mecânico dos canais radiculares realizado in vitro pelos alunos do Curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, utilizando-se da diafanização. Material e método: Foram utilizados 88 espécimes dentários (caninos inferiores), cujo preparo químico-mecânico in vitro foi realizado pelos alunos. Esses dentes foram radiografados e posteriormente submetidos à técnica de diafanização. Nestes, se analisou a qualidade das técnicas de preparo químico-mecânico quanto à modelagem do canal radicular e, comparativamente, o melhor resultado das mesmas; visualizaram-se as características anatômicas do sistema de canais radiculares, e compararam-se o exame radiográfico e a diafanização dos dentes. Resultado: Quanto à modelagem dos canais radiculares analisados pela técnica da diafanização, 67% foram modelados com significância estatística de 0,002 (p<0,05) e, quanto à concordância dos resultados da variável modelagem do canal, entre o exame radiográfico e a técnica da diafanização, obteve-se um valor Kappa=0,511, mostrando uma concordância moderada entre as duas técnicas de visualização. Conclusão: A radiografia revelou-se limitada na visualização da modelagem dos canais e das características anatômicas do sistema de canais radiculares, e a diafanização é uma técnica de visualização acessível e imprescindível para a evolução do ensino na Endodontia.Descritores: Endodontia; preparo do canal radicular; diafanização. Abstract Introduction:The endodontic treatments have evolved in order to prepare the root canal system to receive a hermetic filling of the system and preserve the health of periapical and/or restore it when affected by tissue injury. These are achieved through obedience the a suitable chemical-mechanical preparation, then the filling of the same. Objective: Analyze the chemo-mechanical preparation of root canals performed in vitro by students of Dentistry of the Federal University of Espírito Santo, using the clearing technique. Material and method: 88 dental specimens (lower canines) were used, and provided to students who performed in vitro preparation chemo-mechanical. These specimens were radiographed and subsequently submitted to leaf clearing technique. The quality of the preparation chemical-mechanical techniques was examined concern the shaping of the root canal and compared the best result of the same, visualized the anatomical features of the root canal system, compared the radiographic exam of the teeth and clearing technique. Result: the modeling of root canals analyzed by the clearing technique, 67% were modeled with a statistical significan...

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The effects of protein malnutrition, both in utero and prior to weaning, on formation of the first mandibular molars were evaluated by phase-contrast and electron microscopy in rats. The nourished group (GI) received a diet that included 20% casein, while the malnourished group (GII) received 5% casein. The first mandibular molars from GII exhibited low density of cells and odontoblasts, which lacked regular organization compared with molars from GI. In addition, a difference in collagen type was observed between the groups, with a prevalence of Type III collagen fibers detected in the dentin, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone of GII, and a prevalence of Type I collagen fibers in GI. Finally, examination of surface area in molar sagittal sections indicated 30% less dentin in GII, compared with GI. Our results suggest that structural and ultra-structural features of the dentin-pulp complex and periodontal components of rat molars are affected by protein deficiency.

Variations in leg muscle are uncommon. Literature on this subject is scarce, but when those variations are reported they may cause alterations in joint mechanics or cause some discomfort in the leg and foot. The accessory soleus muscle (ASM) is considered an unusual anatomical variation, with an incidence of 0.5-6.0% in the population through studies in cadavers. During routine preparation of study material in the dissection room of the anatomy laboratory of the Escola Superior de Ciências da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória/ES – Brazil, an ASM was found in the right inferior limb of a male cadaver fixed in 10% formalin. This supernumerary muscle was 3 cm wide, 9 cm long and 1 cm thick in its most voluminous part, in typical penniform fibers arrangement. It was located in the posteromedial region of the ankle, anterior to the Achilles tendon and posterior to the deep muscles of the leg compartment. Its anterior face covered the tibial nerve and the posterior tibial vessels, while its lower half was covered by the flexor retinaculum into the tarsal tunnel. Reports in the literature show possible compression of a neurovascular bundle because of its intimal position within the tarsal tunnel, which could result in ischemic compartment syndrome.