This article presents the increasing demands over the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Itamaraty) for opening its doors to other actors. This discussion will be followed by relevant theoretical and methodological analysis. We will defend the need to overcome problems related to: 1) conceptual vagueness about what the concept of participation means; 2) lack of clarity in the baseline to which comparisons are made; 3) fragile empirical basis; 4) limitations on the use of sources; and 5) how to understand the impact exerted by systemic forces.
IntroduçãoO Brasil tem uma sólida tradição em planejamento, que começou a ganhar corpo a partir da primeira metade do século passado. Desde o Plano Salte, no Governo de Eurico Gaspar Dutra (1946)(1947)(1948)(1949)(1950)(1951), do Plano de Metas de Juscelino Kubitschek, (1956)(1957)(1958)(1959)(1960)(1961) até os Planos Nacionais de Desenvolvimento (PNDs) da década de 1970, o país acumulou uma bagagem valiosa em termos de planejamento governamental que, dentro das estratégias de desenvolvimento nacional, sempre tiveram impactos no modo pelo qual o país se lançava ao mundo e definia suas prioridades para as relações internacionais (ALMEIDA, 2004).A partir do III Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento -PND, que cobriu o mandato do último governo militar, de 1979 a 1985, e com o I Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Nova República, que data de 1986, os principais instrumentos do planejamento federal passaram a representar documentos meramente formais. Com o ritmo inflacionário ganhando força, os planos e os orçamentos estatais, sem uma revisão periódica consistente, tornavam-se rapidamente peças declaratórias da reduzida capacidade de implementação do Estado brasileiro.A Constituição de 1988 tentou resgatar a importância do planejamento, implementando os planos plurianuais (PPAs), hierarquicamente superiores e vinculantes às leis orçamentárias, e tornando crime de responsabilidade do presidente da República, sujeito à impedimento, o seu não envio ao Congresso * Professor do Instituto de Relações Internacionais pela Universidade de Brasília (iREL-UnB) e pesquisador do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico -CNPq (alessa@unb.br).
Citizens and activists in Brazil were optimistic about their role in shaping public policies after the democratic wave of the 1980s, particularly in the field of international trade negotiations. Observers point out that the state is more open than in previous decades and that Itamaraty (the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs) is losing its grip over the decisionmaking process. In this article, we dispute this affirmation. First, we demonstrate the analytical overlap between participation and influence in the literature. Second, we argue that the decision-making process was far more democratic, and Itamaraty less powerful, from 1946 to 1973 than it is today; participation in the policy arena was associated with influence. Democratization in the political regime in Brazil after 1985 did not bring democratization to the decision-making process in our case. We conclude by presenting some suggestions on how to bridge the current chasm between participation and influence in Brazilian foreign policy.
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