RESUMODiâmetro pupilar e produção lacrimal comparados em cães tratados com acepromazina, tramadol e sua associaçãoAlguns procedimentos cirúrgicos oftálmicos requerem a obtenção de midríase, entretanto, os fármacos tradicionalmente utilizados com esta finalidade reduzem significativamente a produção lacrimal. Com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da acepromazina e do tramadol, utilizados isoladamente, ou em conjunto, sobre o diâmetro pupilar, a produção lacrimal, as frequências cardíaca e respiratória, a pressão arterial sistólica e a temperatura retal, esses fármacos foram administrados em sete cães clinicamente normais, que integraram três grupos experimentais (G1 -acepromazina; G2 -tramadol; G3 -acepromazina + tramadol), diferenciando-se apenas quanto ao protocolo tranquilizante utilizado. Os parâmetros foram mensurados em quatro momentos experimentais. Houve miose no G1, além da redução da produção lacrimal e da frequência respiratória. Verificou-se que, no G2, não houve alterações significativas nos parâmetros avaliados e, no G3, verificou-se a diminuição da produção lacrimal do olho direito, da frequência respiratória e da Received: 26/12/2012; Accepted: 25/01/2013 Comparison of pupil diameter and tear production in dogs treated with acepromazine, tramadol and their combination 1 Some ophthalmic surgeries require induction of mydriasis, however, drugs traditionally used for this purpose significantly reduces tear production. To evaluate the effect of acepromazine and tramadol, used alone or in combination, on pupil diameter, tear production, heart and respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure and rectal temperature, these drugs were administered to seven clinically normal dogs divided into three experimental groups (G1 -acepromazine; G2 -tramadol; G3 -tramadol + acepromazine) that differed only in the sedation protocol. Parameters were measured in four experimental moments. Miosis occurred in G1, in addition to reduced tear production and respiratory rate. No significant changes were found in the parameters assessed in G2, whereas in G3, there was decrease in tear production of the right eye, decrease in the respiratory rate and rectal temperature. Tramadol proved to be a drug suitable for pre-anesthetic procedures that require the maintenance of pupil diameter and keeps the tear production within normal parameters. However, the use of acepromazine alone or in combination with tramadol requires protection of the patient's eye surface to prevent the occurrence of undesirable ophthalmic changes.
RESUMO:A busca de novos fármacos e o uso de experimentação animal tem contribuído sobremaneira para o desenvolvimento da saúde, da ciência e tecnologia, promovendo ao longo dos anos a descoberta de medidas profiláticas e tratamentos de enfermidades que acometem os seres humanos. Animais de várias espécies têm sido utilizados desde os primórdios da civilização para o desenvolvimento científico, mas dentre todos os modelos experimentais aos quais podem ser induzidas úlceras gástricas, o rato Wistar, inquestionavelmente, é o mais utilizado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma descrição anatômica e histológica do estômago de ratos Wistar os quais foram descritos. Anatomicamente, o estômago do rato Wistar (Rattus norvergicus) está localizado na cavidade abdominal sob a linha mediana ventral, na porção esquerda, caudal ao fígado. Este órgão pode ser dividido em duas regiões glandular e aglandular. Estas regiões estão separadas pela margem pregueada que faz divisão entre o epitélio estratificado pavimentoso queratinizado que reveste a porção aglandular e o epitélio simples cúbico de revestimento da região glandular. A porção aglandular se estende do esôfago até a margem pregueada, já a região glandular encontrase com o corpo e antro pilórico. A descrição anatômica e histológica, aliada a dados bioquímicos e fisiológicos, são de suma importância na pesquisa científica e na busca de novos fármacos. Deste modo, este trabalho poderá contribuir para o aprimoramento de estudos que visam a utilização de ratos Wistar como modelo experimental de úlceras gástricas. Palavras-chave: anatomia; Rattus norvergicus; patologia veterinária MACROSCOPIC AND HISTOLOGICAL ASPECTS GASTRIC MUCOSA OF WISTAR RAT MODEL AND ITS USE IN GASTRIC ULCERS ABSTRACT:The search of new drugs and the use of animal experimentation had been contributed excessively to the development of the health, of the science and technology, promoting along the years the discovery of prophylactic measured and treatments of illnesses that affect the human beings. Animals of several species have been used from the origins of the civilization for the scientific development, but among all of the experimental models to the which peptic ulcers can be induced, the rats Wistar, doubtless, is the used. The objective of this work was to accomplish an anatomical and histological description. Anatomically, the stomach of the Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus) is located in the abdominal cavity in the ventral midline in the left portion, caudal to the liver. This body can be divided into two regions glandular and non glandular. These regions are separated by the folded edge that makes the division between the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that lines the portion of exfoliation and the simple cubic epithelium lining the glandular stomach. The exfoliation portion extending from the esophagus to the bank folded, the glandular region already meets the body and pyloric antrum. The anatomical and histological description, combined with biochemical and physiological, are extrem...
This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of hydroalcoholic extract of P.gonoacantha leaves (EPG). The toxic effect of the EPG was tested against A.salina in order to determine a secure dose for subsequent assays. The antinociception was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests in Wistar rats. The anti-inflammatory effect of EPG was evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw edema tests in rats. The bioassay with A.salina showed low toxicity of EPG (LC 50 =1,508mg/L). Oral administration of EPG (50, 100 and 150mg/kg) significantly decreased the number of acetic acid-induced writhes, around 61.3%, 71.8% and 64.9% respectively. However, EPG failed to prolong the latency time in the hot plate test, suggesting that EPG predominantly inhibits peripheral pain mechanisms. The oral administration of EPG at doses of 50 and 100mg/kg significantly inhibited paw edema at 3rd h after the injection of the phlogistic agent by 34.5% and 37.5%, respectively. These data suggest that EPG has both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, and these effects may be attributed to inhibition of COX-2 and prostaglandin release.
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