This study aimed to evaluate the effects of high-intensity training (HIT) on salivary cortisol levels in physically trained individuals. This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. The search for scientific articles was carried out on the Scopus and MEDLINE (via PubMed) databases with the terms resistance training, saliva, cortisol, and their synonyms. We included interventions with high-intense resistance training that analyzed the salivary cortisol levels in physically trained men and women. From the 399 articles found, eight studies met the inclusion criteria. A population of 135 physically trained men and 12 women is with an average age of 23.26 ± 3.10 years, body mass of 85.53 ± 12.68 kg, and height of 1.80 ± 0.04 m. The intervention period ranged from 3 to 15 weeks with the use of 1 to 5 sets of 5 to 10 repetitions. Most protocols have been shown to provide significant stimuli to increase the level of cortisol acutely (p<0.05). The practice of HIT seems to be an effective intervention to stimulate the increase in acute and chronic salivary cortisol levels and thus induce possible changes in physiological and hormonal levels. Moreover, cortisol seems to represent physical activity in some populations and may be useful in monitoring physiology in large-scale observational physical activity surveys. However, more research is needed to elucidate the effects of HIT on cortisol and adaptive results. Resumen. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos del entrenamiento de alta intensidad sobre los niveles de cortisol salival en individuos entrenados físicamente. Esta revisión sistemática siguió las recomendaciones de PRISMA. La búsqueda de artículos científicos se realizó en las bases Scopus y MEDLINE (vía PubMed) con los términos entrenamiento de resistencia, saliva, cortisol y sus sinónimos. Se incluyeron intervenciones con entrenamiento de resistencia de alta intensidad que analizaron los niveles de cortisol salival en hombres y mujeres entrenados físicamente. De los 399 artículos encontrados, ocho estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Una población de 135 hombres entrenados físicamente y 12 mujeres tiene una edad de 23,26±3,10 años, masa corporal de 85,53±12,68 kg y altura de 1,80±0,04 m. El período de intervención varió de 3 a 15 semanas con el uso de 1 a 5 series de 5 a 10 repeticiones. Se ha demostrado que la mayoría de los protocolos proporcionan estímulos significativos para aumentar el nivel de cortisol de forma aguda (p<0,05). La práctica de entrenamiento de alta intensidad parece ser una intervención eficaz para estimular el aumento de los niveles de cortisol salival agudo y crónico y así inducir posibles cambios en los niveles fisiológicos y hormonales. Además, el cortisol parece representar la actividad física en algunas poblaciones y puede ser útil para monitorear la fisiología en encuestas observacionales de actividad física a gran escala. Sin embargo, se necesita más investigación para dilucidar los efectos de entrenamiento de alta intensidad sobre el cortisol y los resultados adaptativos.

RESUMO.O propósito deste experimento foi comparar o efeito do treinamento entre séries simples e múltiplas, nos exercícios: leg press 45 0 (LP), supino horizontal (SH), cadeira flexora (CF), puxada pela frente no pulley alto (PF), cadeira extensora (CE), rosca bíceps (RB), e tríceps no pulley (TP), em 24 sessões, três dias/semana. Vinte indivíduos treinados, divididos em dois grupos: G1 série simples (25,7 ± 1,77 anos; 177 ± 6,99 cm, 78,8 ± 10,75 kg) e o G3 séries múltiplas (25,5 ± 2,46 anos; 175,2 ± 7,22 cm, 74,9 ± 7,42 kg), foram submetidos ao teste e reteste de 10 RM para obtenção da carga, respeitando-se 48h de intervalo. As comparações intergrupos apresentaram os seguintes resultados (p<0,05): LP (∆% G3 = 23,23 > ∆% G1 = 2,56), PF (∆% G3 = 25,04 > ∆% G1 = 6,98), MF (∆% G3 = 33,94 > ∆% G1 = 6,86), ME (∆% G3 = 53,56 > ∆% G1 = 8,13). O treino de séries múltiplas três dias/semana, durante oito semanas, proporcionou mudanças significativas no ganho de força muscular quando comparado com série única por meio de um volume maior de estímulos.Palavras-chave: treinamento de força, exercícios resistidos. ABSTRACT. Training effects in single and multiple sets in training individuals.The purpose of this work was to compare the effects of training between single and multiple series sessions using the following exercises: leg press 45º (LP), chest press (CP), flexion chair (FC), front pull-downs pulley (LPDP), extension chair (EC), bicps curl (BC) and triceps pulley (TP), in 24. 3 day/weeks sessions. Twenty subjects divided in two groups were trained: GI simple series (25.7 ± 1.77 years; 177 ± 6.99 cm, 78.8 ± 10.75 kg); and G3 multiple series (25.5 ± 2.46 years; 175.2 ±7.22 cm, 74.9 ± 7.42 kg). They went submited through to 10RM testing and retesting to obtain the load, respecting a 48 hour interval. The comparison between groups showed the following results: (p < 0.05): LP (∆% G3 = 25.04 > ∆% G1 = 6.98), MF (∆% G3 = 33.44 > ∆% G1 = 6.86), ME (∆% G3 = 53.56 > ∆% G1 = 8.13). The 3 day/weeks multiple series training undertaken for 8 weeks, brought significant changes in muscular strength when compared with results obtained from single series, due to more stimulus volume.

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the effects of the back-squat exercise on the lower limb myoelectric activity in trained men. Methods: We conducted a systematic review following the recommendations of PRISMA. Medline (PubMed), Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Lilacs databases were searched. The search terms included electromyography, exercise, resistance training, and squat. We included experimental studies that described the back-squat exercise using surface electromyography (EMG) in men experienced in resistance training and back squat exercise at angles from 60º to 90º. Results: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The interventions of the included studies ranged from 2 to 7 days. The protocols demonstrated to improve the neuromuscular system and to provide greater acquisition of strength in the muscles involved in performing the back-squat exercise (p < 0.05). Thirty-seven muscles were analyzed, with a predominance of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, gluteus maximus, and rectus femoris muscles. Conclusion: The studies investigated in this review showed that the back-squat exercise at angles from 60º to 90º increased the lower limb myoelectric activity recorded in loads of 30% and 100% of 1RM in men experienced in resistance training. However, more studies with higher methodological quality are needed in the analysis of the squat exercise to reduce the risk of bias.

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