Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for their anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic properties. However, their use is often associated with gastrointestinal tract (GIT) side effects due to the inhibition of both cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 enzymes, leading to a decrease in gastroprotective prostaglandins (PG). To minimize these adverse effects, various approaches have been explored, including selective COX-2 inhibitors, NO-NSAIDs (nitric oxide-releasing NSAIDs), and dual COX/LOX (lipoxygenase) NSAIDs. However, the effects of these gastroprotective NSAIDs on the GIT and their efficacy remains uncertain. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the effects of traditional NSAIDs and gastroprotective NSAIDs on GIT. We discuss the underlying mechanisms of GIT damage caused by NSAIDs, including mucosal injury, ulceration, and bleeding, and the potential of gastroprotective NSAIDs to mitigate these effects. We also summarize recent studies on the efficacy and safety of various gastroprotective NSAIDs and highlight the limitations and challenges of these approaches. The review concludes with recommendations for future research in this field.

Cold agglutinins are autoantibodies that can cause agglutination or clumping of red blood cells (RBCs) at temperatures below normal body temperature. This case report discusses a 37-year-old male patient who suffered from multiple injuries due to a motorcycle accident. The patient’s laboratory tests revealed a high level of cold agglutinins, which resulted in abnormal RBC parameters. The study aims to investigate the impact of cold agglutinins on RBC parameters in a trauma patient. The findings of this case report highlight the importance of recognizing cold agglutinins in trauma patients to avoid misinterpretation of laboratory results.

Cold agglutinins are autoantibodies that can cause agglutination or clumping of red blood cells (RBCs) at temperatures below normal body temperature. This case report discusses a 37-year-old male patient who suffered from multiple injuries due to a motorcycle accident. The patient’s laboratory tests revealed a high level of cold agglutinins, which resulted in abnormal RBC parameters. The study aims to investigate the impact of cold agglutinins on RBC parameters in a trauma patient. The findings of this case report highlight the importance of recognizing cold agglutinins in trauma patients to avoid misinterpretation of laboratory results.