Incidence studies of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are important for describing the disease's burden and for shedding light on the disease's etiology. The purposes of this study were to conduct a systematic review of the incidence studies of PSC with a meta-analysis and to investigate possible geographic variations and temporal trends in the incidence of the disease. A systematic literature search of MEDLINE (1950MEDLINE ( -2010 and Embase (1980Embase ( -2010 was conducted to identify studies investigating the incidence of PSC. The incidence of PSC was summarized with an incidence rate (IR) and 95% confidence intervals. The test of heterogeneity was performed with the Q statistic. Secondary variables extracted from the articles included the following: the method of case ascertainment, the country, the time period, the age, the male/female incidence rate ratio (IRR), and the incidence of PSC subtypes (smallduct or large-duct PSC and inflammatory bowel disease). Stratified and sensitivity analyses were performed to explore heterogeneity between studies and to assess effects of study quality. Time trends were used to explore differences in the incidence across time. The search retrieved 1669 potentially eligible citations; 8 studies met the inclusion criteria. According to a random-effects model, the pooled IR was 0.77 (0.45-1.09) per 100,000 person-years. However, significant heterogeneity was observed between studies (P < 0.001). Sensitivity analyses excluding non-population-based studies increased the overall IR to 1.00 (0.82-1.17) and eliminated the heterogeneity between studies (P 5 0.08). The IRR for males versus females was 1.70 (1.34-2.07), and the median age was 41 years (35-47 years). All studies investigating time trends reported an overall increase in the incidence of PSC. Conclusion: The incidence of PSC is similar in North American and European countries and continues to increase over time. Incidence data from developing countries are lacking, and this limits our understanding of the global incidence of PSC. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;53:1590-1599

In this paper a delineate the new human identification method is proposed: sclera recognition technique. Due to the uniqueness of the sclera pattern, it can be used as identification in place of code, fingerprint, face recognition and voice recognition. To distinguish different patterns, some tonal and illumination corrections are performed to get a clear sclera area without disturbing the vessel pattern structure [8]. This paper aims at developing a new method for sclera segmentation which works for both color as well as grayscale images. The blood vessel structure of sclera is different for different people and it lies in the region of the visible wavelengths, therefore it can be used for the human identification method (ID). To obtain shape and structure of a sclera vessel kernel functions are used in order to separate out the magnitude and phase plots. Gabor wavelet filter is a bidimensional Gaussian function which separates the R & G plane of the scanned image and due to its 2D nature, the B plane is difficult to plot as well as recognize (mathworks). Also lot of people has blue iris which is difficult to identify, hence plotting the graph of R and G only would be easy.

The localization of emitters requires accurate subpixel shifting of point spread function (PSF) models. However, the PSF recorded by the camera is not the true PSF of the system due to integration across finite pixels. These errors can be propagated during the shifting process, causing systematic biases in the registration or localization process. This letter proposes a set of filter kernels that, when convolved with the image, accurately shifts it by an arbitrary subpixel shift. Each pixel in the filter is represented by a two-dimensional polynomial function of the possible x and y shift values. These filters are effective; when tested on three different PSFs, they reduced errors by a factor of 20 or more over PSF models evaluated at the pixel center.