In the realm of electrochemical sensor application, the development and fabrication of semiconducting metal oxides with the integration of conducting polymers for the trace-level detection of pharmaceutical medicines garnered considerable interest. Herein, we reported facile cadmium oxide decorated with polypyrrole nanotubes fabricated on a glassy carbon electrode (CdO@PPy/GCE) for efficient determination of antihistamine drug promethazine hydrochloride (PMH). The as-synthesized CdO@PPy composite was characterized by various analytical tools like X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, the electrocatalytic activity of the modified electrode for PMH detection was examined by voltammetry and amperometric methods, and the modified electrode exhibited lower charge transfer resistance compared to the bare GCE. Under the optimized condition, the fabricated electrode shows a wide linear range (50−550 μM), better sensitivity (0.13 μAμM −1 cm −2 ), low detection limit (10.83 nM) (S/N = 3), and excellent selectivity and reproducibility toward PMH detection. Moreover, the modified GCE depicted eminent practical ability for PMH detection in lake water and pharmaceutical tablets.

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Mesostructured In2O3-SiO2 as recyclable heterogeneous catalyst material was synthesized by an aqueous solution based wet chemistry method, i.e. hydrothermal method and utilized for the reaction between pathalic anhydride and substituted hydrazine hydrate in DMF medium to synthesize 2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione (DHP) derivatives. The advantages of this protocol are cost effective, ease of handling and environmental friendly. This catalytic material were characterized by using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller. The proposed synthetic method results in a high yield, has an easy work-up procedure, is non-toxic and clean, and facilitates the simple recovery and reusability of the catalytic system.