Background Globally, oral health status of the geriatric population residing in nursing homes is poor. The integration of non-dental professionals is vital to monitor oral health, early identification and triaging of oral health problems, and timely referral to dental professionals. The aims of this systematic review were to provide a summary on the development and characteristics of oral health assessment instruments currently used by non-dental professionals for nursing home residents, and to perform a critical appraisal of their psychometric properties. Methods This review was conducted as per the PRISMA guidelines. CINHAL (EBSCO), Medline (Ovid), and EMBASE (Ovid) were searched systematically. Two reviewers independently screened the title, abstract, and full text of the studies as per the eligibility criteria. Studies describing oral health assessment instruments used to assess oral health of nursing home residents by non-dental professionals were included. Using a methodological framework, each instrument was evaluated for purpose, content, and psychometric properties related to validity, reliability, feasibility, generalisability, and responsiveness. Additionally, the reporting quality assessment of each included study was performed according to the SURGE guidelines. Results Out of the 819 screened articles, 10 studies were included in this review. The 10 identified instruments integrated 2 to 12 categories to assess oral health, which was scored on a 2 to 5-point scale. However, the measurement content varied widely, and none were able to comprehensively measure all aspects of oral health. Three measurement approaches were identified: performance- based assessment, direct inspection of the oral health status, and interview measures. Only eight instruments provided quality assessment on the basis of validity, reliability, feasibility and generalisability, whereas three instruments- Brief Oral Health Status Examination, Dental Hygiene Registration, and Oral Health Assessment Tool reported good methodological quality on at least one assessment criteria. Conclusions None of the instruments identified in this review provided a comprehensive assessment of oral health, while three instruments appeared to be valid and reliable. Nonetheless, continuous development of instruments is essential to embrace the complete spectrum of oral health and address the psychometric gaps.

Tail and fin rot is one of the most economically important disease throughout the world. Occurrence of tail and fin rot and emergence of antibiotic resistance in trout farming has mandated extensive survey, characterization of dominant causative agents followed by screening of effective antibiotics. In present study, predominant fin and tail rot causing bacterial pathogens were isolated from samples collected from fifteen rainbow trout farms of major trout pocket areas i.e. Rasuwa, Nuwakot, Dhadhing, Sindhupalchowk, Lalitpur and Kaski districts of Nepal. All the isolates were further tested for pathogenicity, which showed virulence in fancy carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus). Pseudomonas spp and vibrio spp showed more virulence. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that all the commonly used antibiotics (Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, Neomycin, Oxytetracycline and Streptomycin) were completely resistant. Among presently used antibiotics, Cephalexin was resistance in all the farms while Doxycycline was found completely resistant in two farms and Moxifloxacin was effective in general. Positive correlation between disease occurrence and water parameters were observed among various trout farms. Lack of knowledge regarding use of antibiotics, development of multidrug resistance bacteria and downstream effect of antibiotics used in trout farms was observed among farm's owner and farmers, implicating a need to develop an effective protocol in fresh water aquaculture in Nepal.

Recently, researches and scientists are showing a lot of interests in bioactive compounds of plants and its products as these constituents are of high valued. Polyphenols are phytochemical constituents which are the integral components in plants and their products that are associated with defensive mechanism against infections and various oxidative stress by free radicals. Green tea, fruits, vegetables, cereals and red wines are rich sources of polyphenolic constituents which attributes prevention from infections and diseases because of its antioxidant properties, anti-diabetic properties, and radical scavenging properties. Oxidative stress which is the primary reason for different ailments in humans is due to the free radicals that are present even during the normal health condition. Polyphenolic acids like cinnamic acid, romarinic acid, stilbenes like resveratrol, flavonoids like catechin, taxifolin, quercetin, and lignans like sesamin, pinoresinol, podophyllotoxin etc. are found to be effective against wide range of human diseases like oxidative stress, cardiovascular disorder, neurodegenerative diseases, aging, and cancer. These phytoconstituents prevent the diseases and provide relieving sensation via different mechanisms. Here, the study shows the importance of polyphenols with respect to the relevance of human health. As there are the promising applications of various bioactive constituents in a wide range of disease, further research should be encouraged on the mechanism of action and bioavailability of polyphenols.