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Purpose Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the largest cause of death from injury in the United States. This study utilized the Michigan Trauma Quality Improvement Program (MTQIP) database to determine the effect that antiplatelets and anticoagulants (AP/AC) have on outcomes following emergent surgery for TBI patients. Basic Procedures Patients were included with age ≥18 years, maximum head/neck abbreviated injury score (AIS) ≥2, and underwent a neurosurgical procedure within 24 hours. Patients were excluded if they had an AIS ≥3 in other body region or no signs of life at initial evaluation. Main Findings Within the 1,932 patients analyzed, 139 (8.74%) were in the warfarin with or without (+/-) aspirin cohort, 101 (6.35%) in the direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) +/− aspirin cohort, 169 (10.62%) in the clopidogrel +/− aspirin cohort, and 1,182 (74.29%) in the no AP/AC cohort (control group). After controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics, no significant difference in mortality rates was observed in the treatment groups ( P > 0.05). However, our subgroup analysis did reveal a significantly higher mortality rate within the warfarin and aspirin subgroup when compared to the control group (odds ratio [OR], 2.368; confidence interval [CI], 1.306-4.294, P = 0.005). With regards to hospital complications, there was a significant increase in this outcome within the DOAC +/− aspirin (OR, 1.825; CI, 1.143-2.915, P = 0.012) and clopidogrel +/− aspirin (OR, 1.82; CI, 1.244-2.663, P=0.002) groups. Conclusion Patients on AP/AC who experience a TBI requiring an emergent operation do not have an increased risk of mortality compared to patients not on AP/AC.

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