The range of methodologies available for pozzolan classification, predicated on different viewpoints, may occasionally offer conflicting judgements regarding pozzolans. The present study compared the results obtained by assessing several natural pozzolans, silica fume and fly ash within the requirements of ASTM C618 and ASTM C1240. In addition, binary combinations of the pozzolans and Portland cement were investigated using EN 196-5. The outcomes manifested some anomalies between the different approaches. Complementary observations (such as environmental scanning electron microscope, insoluble residue and hardened concrete properties) were conducted to further clarify the results. The compressive strength and depth of water penetration of the concrete specimens containing the pozzolans revealed that EN 196-5 had superior compatibility with real concrete performance. This suggests that EN 196-5, which was originally developed for pozzolanic cements, can successfully determine the activity of Portland pozzolanic cements containing natural pozzolans, silica fume and fly ash.

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3] Nazarov, A. P.: Fluoroeomplexes of P(V) and Sb(V) with Mixed Ligands, Theses, N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Moscow[4] Buslaev, Yu. A.; Ilyin, E. G.; Sherbakova, V. N.: 1975, Thesisy, 111 Vsesoyzunoi konf. po sintezu i issledovaniuy neorgan. soedinenii v nevodnykh sredakh, Rostov-na-Donu, Nauka, p. 36 [5] Schmutzler, R.: Advances in Fluorine Chemistry, Vol. 6, London, 1965 [6] Kolditz, L.; Rehak, W.: Z. anorg. allg. Chem. 300 (1959) 322 171 Kolditz, L.; Rosel, E.: Z. anorg. allg. Chem. 341 (19G6) 93 [8] Chernyshov, B. N.; Vasilyuk, N . S.; Ilyin, X. G.: J . Coord. Chim. 14 (1988) 1394 [9] Ilyin, E. G.; Zozulin, A. N.; Buslaev, Y u . A.: Dokl. Akud. Nauk SSSR, 1989, in press [lo] Ilyin, E. G.; Nazarov, A. P.; Buslaev, Yu. 8 . : Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 149 (1979) 1381 [ll] Ilyin, E. G.; Nazarov, A. P.; Buslaev, Yu. A.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 249 (1979) 1149 1121 Ilyin, E. G.; Calov, U.; Kolditz, L.; Buslaev, Yu. A.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 266 (1982) 123 [13] Ilyin, E. G.; Nazarov, A. P.; Sherbakova, ill. N.; Buslaev, Yu. A.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 284 (1985) 868 [U] Ilyin, E. G.; Meisel, M.; Sherbakova, M . N.; Wolf, G.-J.; Buslaev, Y u . A.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 266 (1982) 877 [15] Ilyin, E. G.; Sherbakova, M . N.; Buslaev, Yu. A.; Medvedev, T . Ya.; Nesterova, N . P.; Kabachnik, M . I.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 269 (1983) 147 [16] Ilyin, E. G.; Sherbakova, M . N.; Buslaev, Yu. A.; Medvedev, T . Ya.; Nesterova, N . P.; Kabachnik, M . I.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 171 (1983) 373 [17] Ilyin, E. G.; Sherbakova, M . N.; Buslaev, Yu. A.; Medvedev, T. Ya.; Nesterova, N . P.; Kabachnik, M. I.; Riesel, L.; Pauli, J.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 271 (1983) 892 [18] Riesel, L. L.; Pauli, J.; Buslaev, Yu. A.; Ilyin, E. G.; Ignatov, M . E.: Z. anorg. allg. Chem., 1988, in press [19] Ilyin, E. G.; Sinwnov, M . V.; Buslaev, Yu. A.; Nesterova, N . P.; Kabachnik, M . I.: Thesisy XI1 International Confcrence on Phosphorus Chemistry, Tallinn, 1989, p. 237 [20] [19], p. 238 1211 Kolditz, L.; Calov, U.; Ilyin, E. G.; Buslaev, Yu. A.: Dokl. [ " a] Kolditz, L.; Calov, U.; Buslaev, Yu. A,; Ilyin, E. G.: Z. an-[23] Calov, U.; Kolditz, L.; Ilyin, E. G.; Buslaev, Yu. A,: Dokl. [24] Ilyin, E. G.; Buslaev, Yu. A.; Calov, U.; Kolditz, L.: Dokl. La61 Ilyin, E. G.; Nazarov, A. P.; Sherbakova, M . N.; Buslaev, [%I Ilyin, E. G.; Nazarov, A. P.; Buslaev, Yu. A.: Dokl. Akad. [27] Ilyin, E. G.; Buslaev, Yu. A.; Calov, U.; Kolditz, L.: Dokl. [MI Ilyin, E. G.; Sherbakova, M . N.; Buslaev, Yu. A.: Dokl. [29] Ilyin, E. G.; Sherbakova, M . N.; Ignatov, M . E.; Kuhar, V . P.; [30] Buslaev, Yu. A.; Ilyin, E. G.: J . SummaryAfter describing the main chemical reactions going on during the hydration of portland-cement, the injluence of small increases in the alkali-and sulphate content, coming from the introduction of new energy saving cementproduction processes, are discussed. B y investigating pore-solutions squeezed f r o m hardened cement pastes it was shown that they contain alkalihydroxides u p to 1 molll. These alkalihydroxide so...

This article reports on how the steel industry in Germany can systematically improve the early phases of its cooperative pre‐competitive application research in the construction sector. The aim of this work is to increase innovation success through a targeted lead‐in to the innovation processes. It makes use of various models from industrial innovation management, experience in research management for a current project on the sustainability of steel in the construction sector and the results from a survey of the research institutes participating in the project. As a result, a model for the systematic management of the early innovation phases in steel application research for the construction industry is presented. The model supports the participants from industry and the academic sector in finding, formulating and implementing new innovation ideas.

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