No abstract

Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a non-destructive, rapid and real-time measurement method which does not require special high-tech measurement devices and can be applied to food quality assessment. This method is rapid, effective and affords low-cost investigation of the product. The conventional EIS method requires a set of metal electrodes in direct contact with the medium to be measured. The complicated electrochemical processes on the electrodes-electrolyte interface could substantially affect the value of the impedance measured. The present study sought to explore the possibilities of using the impedance method for quality control in orange juices, to introduce the electrodeless method of electrolyte impedance measurement and to compare this with the conventional impedance methods. The electrical properties of the orange juices were described with the help of an equivalent circuit. An equivalent circuit was designed with constant phase element approximation. The values of the equivalent circuit components were fitted using a non-standard algorithm inspired by the behaviour of actual ant colonies. Implementing the electrodeless method obviated the electrodes phenomena effects and the behaviour of the electrolyte is similar to inductance. The proposed electrodeless method is generally applicable to measuring the electrochemical properties of electrolytes.

Classical methods of impedance of electrolytes measurement require a set of metal electrodes which are in direct contact with measured medium. The complicated electrochemical processes on the interface electrodes-electrolyte could substantially influence the value of measured impedance. The aim of this article is introduction of transformer-based electrode-less method of electrolyte impedance measurement. The problems due to complicated transfer function of transformers are avoided by calibration and deconvolution. For experimental verification of method, the properties of juice assessment using impedance spectroscopy are used.

Technology has undergone rapid development in the past several decades and we are now at a point where many technologies are available to help create smart cities. Many technology companies and research institutions as well as political organizations are currently discussing this field with the highest priority. One can say that the biggest challenge to smart cities is not technologies themselves, but the merging of all available technologies into one symbiotic unit that fulfills the expected objectives. Smart cities are about connecting subsystems, sharing and evaluating data, and providing quality of life and satisfaction to citizens. We have various models of transportation systems, optimizations of energy usage, street lighting systems, building management systems, urban transport optimizations, however currently, such models are dealt with separately. In this paper, we provide an overview of the smart city concept and discuss why Multi-agent systems are the right tool for the modeling of smart cities. The biggest challenge is in connecting and linking particular subsystems within a smart city. In this paper, a modeling of a smart city building blocks is provided and demonstrated with one particular example -a smart street lighting system. Focus will be on the decomposition of the system into subsystems as well as a description of particular modules. We propose to build models and since each individual entity can be modeled as an agent with its beliefs, desires and intentions, we suggest using Multi-agent systems as a tool for modeling systems' connections within the smart city and assessing how best to use the data from those systems.