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Water immersion is widely used in physiotherapy and might relieve pain, probably by activating several distinct somatosensory modalities, including tactile, pressure, and thermal sensations. However, the endogenous mechanisms behind this effect remain poorly understood. This study examined whether warm water immersion therapy (WWIT) produces an antiallodynic effect in a model of localized inflammation and whether peripheral opioid, cannabinoid, and adenosine receptors are involved in this effect. Mice were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA; intraplantar; i.pl.). The withdrawal frequency to mechanical stimuli (von Frey test) was used to determine 1) the effect of WWIT against CFA-induced allodynia and 2) the effect of i.pl. preadministration of naloxone (a nonselective opioid receptor antagonist; 5 µg/paw), caffeine (a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist; 150 nmol/paw), 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX; a selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; 10 nmol/paw), and AM630 (a selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 antagonist; 4 µg/paw) on the antiallodynic effect of WWIT against CFA-induced allodynia. Moreover, the influence of WWIT on paw inflammatory edema was measured with a digital micrometer. WWIT produced a significant time-dependent reduction of paw inflammatory allodynia but did not influence paw edema induced by CFA. Naloxone, caffeine, DPCPX, and AM630 injected in the right, but not in the left, hind paw significantly reversed the antiallodynic effect of WWIT. This is the first study to demonstrate the involvement of peripheral receptors in the antiallodynic effect of WWIT in a murine model of persistent inflammatory pain.

ObjectiveTo analyse rider’s subjective responses after a standardised bicycle ergonomic adjustment method.MethodsExperimental study of 160 healthy, amateur mountain bikers analysed previously and 30 days after a bike-fitting session. The main outcome measures were subjective comfort level (Feeling Scale, FEEL), fatigue (OMINI Scale) and pain (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS).ResultsAll variables demonstrated statistical significance between groups pre and post bike-fit session (p<0001). FEEL, OMNI and VAS-knee demonstrated large effect sizes (d=1.30; d=1.39 and d=0.86, respectively). VAS-hands, VAS-neck and VAS-back indicated moderate effect size (d=0.58; d=0.52 and d=0.43, respectively). VAS-groin and VAS-ankle indicated a small size effect (d=0.46 and d=0.43, respectively).ConclusionsOverall discomfort, fatigue and pain in healthy mountain biker adults improved according to all three scales. The major improvements in pain levels were detected on the knee, hands, back and neck compared with presession values. Groin and ankle pain had smaller improvements but were still significant. Future clinical trials should address the bias effects of this experimental study.

Introdução. A atrofia muscular espinhal (AME) é uma doença neuromuscular degenerativa de caráter progressiva. Há diversas abordagens terapêuticas para que se minimize as progressões advindas da doença. O prognóstico favorável é altamente dependente tanto do diagnóstico precoce, quanto do início prematuro do tratamento medicamentoso e de todas as intervenções, dentre elas, a fisioterapia. A intervenção fisioterapêutica pode proporcionar maior sobrevida e com maior qualidade de vida aos pacientes. Objetivos. Analisar, por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica, quais foram as intervenções fisioterapêuticas aplicadas na atrofia muscular espinhal nos últimos 10 anos. Método. Revisão bibliográfica de artigos publicados nas bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Scielo, Pubmed, LILACS, e Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). Resultados. Dos 162 artigos encontrados, apenas 6 artigos cumpriram todos os critérios de inclusão. Foram encontradas formas de avaliação e de recursos fisioterapêuticos utilizados para o tratamento da AME. Conclusões. Diante da pesquisa, verificou-se que as principais intervenções fisioterapêuticas utilizadas na AME nos últimos 10 anos foram exercícios em plataformas vibratórias, exercícios de fortalecimento com resistência, exercícios aquáticos e exercícios respiratórios.

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