I n 2009, IBM conducted interviews with more than 1,500 chief executive officers worldwide. In a note to the fellow CEOs Samuel J. Palmisano, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of IBM defined the challenges facing firms today:We occupy a world that is connected on multiple dimensions, and at a deep level -a global system of systems. That means, among other things, that it is subject to systems-level failures, which require systems-level thinking about the effectiveness of its physical and digital infrastructures (IBM, 2009).