One hundred and twenty-five female volunteers completed a questionnaire designed to measure masculinity, femininity, body cathexis, and self-esteem. Women were categorized as bisexual, heterosexual or homosexual according to self-labeling and according to erotic preference. The proportion of androgynous and undifferentiated individuals was much greater among self-labeled homosexual women. Feminine individuals were conspicuously under-represented among self-labeled homosexual and bisexual women. Women who reported both opposite-sex and same-sex sexual experiences, regardless of their self-label or erotic preference, were more agentic (i.e., possessed more socially desirable masculine traits), more satisfied with their bodies and its functions, more satisfied with both their sexual activities and their biological sex, and more satisfied with themselves and their abilities than were women who only reported opposite-sex sexual experiences.

Studies dealing with the pretherapy disclosure of expected role relationships are reviewed. Results from both individual and group psychotherapy indicate that pretherapy role induction enhances therapy process and outcome. A major problem with these studies is that they confound role induction with manipulation of outcome expectancy or time limits or both. Positive outcome expectancy and time limits may themselves affect outcome. It is concluded that pretherapy role induction has great potential as a relatively inexpensive and simple procedure whereby psychotherapy may be made to be more efficient especially for lower socioeconomic class clients. RESUMERevue critique des etudes portant sur la determination pretherapeutique des relations de role anticipees. Les resultats de la psychotherapie individuelle ou collective indiquent que I'induction des roles avant la therapie favorise 1'evolution et I'issue de la therapie. Un des problemes importants que soulevent ces etudes tient au fait qu'elles confondent I'induction des roles avec la manipulation des resultats anticipcs ou des limites de temps (ou des deux a la fois). La prevision d'une issue positive et les limites de temps peuvent elles-memes affecter I'issue de la therapie. La conclusion affirme que I'induction des roles avant la therapie constitue une technique simple et relativement peu couteuse pour rendre la psychotherapie plus efficace surtout pour les clients de niveau socioeconomique inferieur.The author wishes to express his appreciation to Drs. toward personality change, pOOrly William E. Piper, Ernest Poser, and Don Taylor for ef l Tarkinff in rxivfhninoipal critically reading earlier versions of the manuscript. CU > llU ' 1Un 6 ln payCnOlOglCai ,Reprint requests should be directed to R. A. LaTorre, relatively unimaginative and less given to

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An androgyny (gender identity) and a need achievement (n Ach) test were given to 28 normals, 23 schizophrenic patients, and 23 nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients. The psychiatric groups averaged a little over 3 weeks of hospitalization. There were gender differences for the androgyny and n Ach tests, but there were no significant differences among the three groups and no gender X diagnostic group interactions. There were significant correlations between age and both androgyny and n Ach scores, but no significant correlation between androgyny and n Ach scores.

Gender identity has been likened to a symphonic orchestration (Gershman 1970). It is composed of many motifs intertwined into one integrated theme. In other words, gender identity is a composite of several subcategories. These subcategories vary from author to author but not without considerable overlap. John Money (1973), who claims to be the first person to define gender identity in print, discusses gender role, gender identity, and core gender identity. Gender role is the public expression of one's individuality as male or female. Gender identity is the private experience of one's individuality as male or female. Core gender identity is a term used to designate the development of gender identity, a process that has begun as early as 18 months, in contradiction to classic Freudian theory. Biller (1968) defined his three levels as sex-role preference, sex-role adoption, and sex-role identity/ orientation. Sex-role preference is the desire to adhere to cultural prescriptions and proscriptions of the masculine or feminine role. This implies a choice or discrimination, and the individual is aware of which of two roles he wishes to pursue. Sex-role adoption is publicly observable behavior, that is, how masculine or feminine members of society view an individual. As such, it is a function of general behavior, only some of which involves intentional awareness. Sex-role adoption, therefore, is similar to Money's gender role. Sex-role identity/ orientation is the way in which an individual basically views himself. It is an underlying and not necessarily •Reprint requests