This introductory article sets the scene for understanding the seven articles that follow in this Special Issue of the Journal. It lays the groundwork in five areas. First, it explains key terms and concepts important for understanding interests, interest groups and lobbying in developing democracies and goes into some detail about the concept of democracy. Second, it offers insights into the characteristics of interest group systems in developing democracies. Third, it briefly reviews the form and extent of the existing work written on interest groups in these political systems. Fourth, it argues that viewing developing democracies through the role of interest groups is a valuable analytical tool but must be adapted from the study of interest groups in developed and well‐established democracies to be of use in understanding these developing systems. And fifth, it points out how the seven articles that follow help illustrate the definitions and explanations presented in the previous four sections and the promise and challenges faced by interests and interest groups in these political systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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By focusing on the case of Lithuania, this paper develops a framework for understanding the development and characteristics of interest groups and the broader category of interest systems in the former Communist countries of Eastern Europe. Nearly two decades have passed since the transition to democracy in the former Baltic Soviet republics and Eastern Europe. These nations have established democratic elections, modern judicial systems, institutions of representative government and guarantees of civil rights and civil liberties. Successful democratization, however, also requires the construction of a civil society characterized by open channels of communication between citizens and interests and their governments. Recent studies of the democratization of the former Soviet republics and satellite states in Eastern Europe have rarely addressed the development and role of interest groups and lobbying in these nations. This paper fills this void by presenting the findings of the first major study of interest group politics and lobbying in Lithuania. The major findings are based upon interviews of nearly 50 Lithuanian political, academic, bureaucratic and media elites conducted in the July of 2005. Overall, the lobbying community in Lithuania is underdeveloped, often corrupt, and is negatively perceived by many Lithuanians elites. Much of this is due to the legacy of communism which heavily influences the perception and efficacy of interest groups and lobbying resulting in a suspicion among the public and government officials that has impeded the development of an effective lobbying community. Lithuanian interest groups do not use sophisticated practices or tactics of lobbying; access is largely based on personal connections and corrupt practices. The business community is the most effective lobby due to its contacts and extensive resources; in contrast, the labour lobby is weak due to a hangover from communist times. Looking to the future development of the Lithuanian lobbying community, it is unclear what effect the entry of Lithuania into the European Union (May 2004) will have on the development of interest group activities and lobbying. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Profession were different from non-minorities. 12. If probability distributions are not familiar, imagine laying out all application files along a straight line on the floor. Place files more to the left when they have a low ex ante probability of admission; and to the right if our statistical procedures indicated that their admission probability was high. Then imagine that folders of applicants who were admitted were sprayed white and the rest red. In Figure 1, the solid line is a smoothed outline of the piles of white folders; the dashed line is a smoothed outline of the piles of red folders. References Achen, Christopher. 1986. The Statistical Analysis of Quasi-experiments.

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