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Rather than defining identity in terms of individuality, we defined it in terms of relationships with others. People know who they are on the basis of their relationships with others in their culture, community, religion, and family. We developed a measure of identity with four subscales and gave it to six adolescent groups in Experiment 1. We revised it and gave it to another six groups, five adolescent and one adult, in Experiment 2. We further revised it and gave it to three groups, two adolescent and one adult, in Experiment 3. Identity scores increased with age and four factors emerged: family, religion, community, and culture. Identity can be defined and reliably measured in terms of relationships.

A stimulus-sampling model of E. J. Capaldi's sequential effects hypothesis to account for the increased resistance to extinction following partial reinforcement was presented in axiomatic form. The model was shown to be capable of accounting for the major relevant variables which produce the increased resistance to extinction, and it was shown to not predict the increased resistance to extinction where it does not occur. Several limitations of the model were discussed as were the model's relationships to other theories.

The relationship between God, man, and animals is explored by showing that man is similar to animals in some respects but different in others and that he is similar to God in some respects but different in others. It is shown how a Christian perspective could be used to integrate existing psychological knowledge and has the potential for predicting new findings.