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ABSTRAK Tarsius spectrum (nama sinonim: Tarsius tarsier) dalam bahasa lokal disebut tangkasi (Minahasa), ngasi (Sulawesi Tengah), Tanda bona passo (Wana), Podi (Tolaki), Wengu (Mornene) merupakan spesies primata endemik Sulawesi. Tangkasi merupakan salah satu primata terkecil dan beberapa diantara anggota spesiesnya merupakan satwa endemik Sulawesi yang terancam punah dan dilindungi. Menurut IUCN (2008), tarsius dalam Red Data Book IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) termasuk dalam kategori vulnerable (rentan). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung densitas tangkasi pada elevasi yang berbeda di Gunung Klabat, Minahasa Utara. Metode yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini ialah estimasi densitas Tangkasi berdasarkan vokalisasi (duet call) sesuai dengan yang dikembangkan oleh Saroyo et al (2014). Pada setiap elevasi dibuat 10 plot yang berbentuk lingkaran dengan diameter 100 m. Jarak antar plot 200 m. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan, densitas tangkasi pada elevasi 500 mdpl (2,04 individu/Ha), elevasi 1000 mdpl (2,68 individu/Ha), elevasi 1500 mdpl (0,89 individu/Ha) dan elevasi 2000 mdpl (0,12 individu/Ha). Kata Kunci : Densitas, Tarsius spectrum, Gunung Klabat, Minahasa Utara DENSITY OF TANGKASI (Tarsius spectrum) AT DIFFERENT ELEVATIONS IN THE MOUNTAINS CLABAT, NORTH MINAHASA ABSTRACT Tarsius spectrum (synonym: Tarsius tarsier) in local language called tangkasi (Minahasa), ngasi (Central Sulawesi), Tanda bona passo (Wana), Podi (Tolaki), Wengu (Mornene) is a primate species endemic of Sulawesi. Tangkasi is one of the smallest primates and some of them the members of species is a species endemic to Sulawesi and protected. According to IUCN (2008), tarsius in the Red Data Book of IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) are included in the category of vulnerable. The objective of this research is quantify the density tangkasi at different elevations in Klabat, North Minahasa. The method of this research is to estimate the density of Tangkasi based duet call that suit with that developed by Saroyo et al (2014). At each elevation has made 10 plots were in circle form with diameter of 100 m. The distance between the plot are 200 m. Based on the observations, the tangkasi density at elevation of 500 meters above the sea (2.04 individuals / ha), elevation of 1000 meters above the sea (2.68 individuals / ha), elevation of 1500 meters above the sea (0.89 individuals / ha) and the elevation of 2000 meters above the sea (0.12 individuals / ha). Keywords: Density, Tarsius spectrum, Clabat Mountain, North Sulawesi.

KAJIAN VARIASI SEKUNES INTRASPESIES DAN FILOGENETIK MONYET HITAM SULAWESI (Macaca nigra) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN GEN COI ABSTRAKMacaca nigra merupakan salah satu spesies yang endemik dan terancam punah di Sulawesi Utara. Eksploitasi yang berlebihan serta alih fungsi hutan menjadi ancaman bagi spesies ini di alam. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui variasi sekuens intraspesies M. nigra yang berada di Pusat Penyelamatan Satwa Tasikoki Bitung. Analisis sekuens menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan sepuluh pasang basa nukleotida pada urutan sekuens sampel dilokasi yang berbeda. Jarak genetik antara kedua sampel yaitu 0.016. Hasil perhitungan jarak genetik menunjukkan variasi genetik masih berada dalam kisaran variasi intraspesies dengan ambang batas untuk variasi intraspesies yaitu 0.015-0.025. Selain itu, variasi juga ditunjukkan pada sampel dengan kerabat dekatnya yang terdata di GenBank disebabkan karena adanya mutasi sinonim dan mutasi nonsinonim. Analisis filogenetik berdasarkan gen COI (Cytochrome Oxidase-I) menunjukkan bahwa sampel M. nigra yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berada satu klaster dengan M. nigra yang ada di database dan termasuk ke dalam kelompok Silenus.Kata kunci: Variasi sekuens intraspesies, Gen COI, Macaca nigra, analisis filogenetik. THE STUDY INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION SEQUENCES AND PHYLOGENETIC CELEBES BLACK MACAQUE (Macaca nigra) USING COI GENE ABSTRACTMacaca nigra is listed as one of the endemic species and endangered in North Sulawesi. Exploitation and forest conversion have become threats to this species in the wild. This study was conducted to determine the intraspecific sequence variation of M. nigra located in Tasikoki Wildlife Rescue Center, Bitung. Sequence analysis revealed ten nucleotides differences between these two specimens. Genetic distance for both of specimens is 0.016. The result of genetic distance, the genetic variation between the specimens of M. nigra was still within the range of intraspecific variation. Distance analysis was also conducted by comparing with the close relatives of M. nigra based on BLAST search, which showed range from 0.015-0.025. These differences resulted in both synonymous and nonsynonymous mutation. Phylogenetic analysis using DNA sequences of COI (Cytochrome Oxidase-I) gene revealed that the two specimens of M. nigra claster together with M. nigra sequences that have been deposited in GeneBank. Moreover M. nigra is claster in the silenus group which is in accordance with previous reports.Keywords: Intraspecific Sequence Variation, COI Gene, Macaca nigra, Phylogenetic analysis.

The separation of X and Y spermatozoa can be conducted by using Percoll Gradient Density Centrifugation (SGDP) method. It is, easy, valid, cheap and applicable method for developing made-insemination. Although it has often been applied in sexing the spermatozoa, it was reported that the method had often caused damages on the spermatozoa membranes and resulted in decreasing of the spermatozoa quality. The damages of spermatozoa after SGDP process were specifically caused by (I) the loss of seminal plasma, (II) the increase of free radicals, and (III) the collision or friction among the spermatozoa. Among the three causal factors above, the third or the physical factor is claimed to be the most important one. It was assumed that the first and the second factors can be overcome if the third one is avoided. The spermatozoa membranes consist of lipids, protein, carbohydrate, and some substances at a low rate. The general objectives of this research was to identify the influence of the phospholipids PC (Phosphatidylcholin) to spermatozoa in order to avoid the damages of the spermatozoa in the process of SGDP. This research was conducted in Balai Besar Inseminasi Buatan (BBIB) Singosari Malang and at the Biology Laboratory of Mathematics and Science Faculty, UNIBRAW Malang. The cements used were from the bulls (Frishian Holstein) aged 5 to 8 years old bred in at BBIB above. The research method used was laboratory experimental study with the variables of motility of spermatozoa, viability of spermatozoa, membrane integrity spermatozoa, pre-capacitatated spermatozoa and post-capacitated spermatozoa, and acrosome reaction spermatozoa. The result showed that treating all spermatozoa with phospholipids PC before SGDP process will improve the integrity of the spermatozoa membranes and keep the motility of spermatozoa, viability of spermatozoa, pre-capacitatated spermatozoa and post-capacitated spermatozoa, and spermatozoa of acrosome reaction. It was concluded that the concentration of phospholipids PC 10% is the best concentration in producing good spermatozoa in all variables.

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