Adherence is the milestone of a successful therapy. Over the last decade several authors have addressed the importance of adherence for optimal results of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Many health care systems are investing substantial resources to make available contemporary antiretroviral therapy. Despite the large investment in medications, insufficient investments have been made into an integrated adherence component to maximize the impact of these medications. Adherence, unlike drug therapy, cannot be defined as a single method with a defined prescription or formula. Instead, it is the result of a complex interaction between the patient, a prescribed medication and the health system. Many reports are available analyzing each of these components. We have found that critical elements of adherence include the patient's knowledge about the disease and how medications will help achieve a longer and healthier life, together with the motivation to adapt to a new style of life. A trilogy composed of information, motivation and behavioral skills is essential to achieve the maximum desired level of adherence. We have computerized this trilogy in a software program for self-administration in which each of the three components is provided to the patient as many times as necessary to transmit an understanding of the problem and to help make a rational decision to adhere to the ARV treatment program. In this review we analyze several efforts and techniques to improve adherence to any recommended medication that may interfere with the patient's lifestyle and outline how the adherence trilogy can be best used to optimize the ability of ARV therapy to durably suppress plasma HIV RNA to undetectable levels.

Antiretroviral therapy success is highly dependent on the ability of the patient to fully adhere to the prescribed treatment regimen. We present the results of a cross-sectional study that evaluates the predictive value of a self-administered questionnaire of adherence to antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Study participants were interviewed using a 36-item Patient Medication Adherence Questionnaire (PMAQ) designed to assess knowledge about ARV therapy, motivation to adhere to treatment, and behavioral skills. Plasma HIV-1 RNA levels were correlated with the results obtained from the PMAQ. Of the 182 study participants, 82 (45%) were receiving their initial ARV regimen. Of the remaining patients, 39 (21%) and 61 (34%) were on a second or additional ARV regimen, respectively. An undetectable viral load was documented in 47/62 (76%) patients on their first regimen who reported missing medication on less than 4 days in the last 3 months. The PMAQ had a higher predictive value of plasma viral suppression for patients in the initial regimen than for patients in salvage therapy. The overall predictive value of the PMAQ to identify adherence was 74%, and 59% for nonadherence, with an overall efficacy of 64%. Of the 74 patients (45%) who did not understand the concept of antiretroviral therapy, 80% were failing or had previously failed the ARV treatment. Of 35 patients with doubts about their HIV status or skeptical of the benefits of ARV therapy, 29 (84%) were nonadherent. Despite the positive predictive value of PMAQ in identifying adherence, self-reported adherence is not a sufficiently precise predictor of treatment success to substitute for viral load monitoring. On the other hand, the use of such an instrument to identify factors associated with nonadherence provides an excellent opportunity to apply early intervention designed to specifically address factors that might be contributing to the lack of adherence prior to regimen failure.

1As a result of the potent drug combinations of reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors currently available, it is now possible to achieve extreme reductions in the numbers of viral particles in the peripheral blood of HIV-positive patients undergoing treatment, to the point that they are undetectable. Moreover, the immunological recovery resulting from continued and prolonged use of these drugs significantly reduces both mortality and the incidence of opportunistic infections. However, the strict therapeutic regimens required, the number of pills, adverse events and the stigma of a disease that requires the patient to introduce pill-taking into his/her lifestyle brings into question one aspect of mental health, which is motivation to do that which is being proposed. We investigated the influence of each of the components of the adherence trilogy: information, motivation and behavioral abilities, as risk factors in a population of HIV-positive/ AIDS patients undergoing antiretroviral treatment in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Material and Methods: An intervention study was carried out by introducing motivational assistance into the routine recommendations for the treatment of patients who were initiating antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Seventy-six treatment-naive patients, who had been selected to initiate ARV therapy, were included. These patients were divided into two groups. Group A, in which the regular routine of the institution was followed, received information on the disease and its treatment;patients in group B had the same routine, but they were also followed-up fortnightly and given motivational intervention. Evaluations of viral load and CD 4 count before and following treatment were used to measure adherence. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions: As the rates of non-adhesion were at the lower limits of the ranges reported in the literature, it would appear that providing motivation and information can be of help to the patient.

In this case report, which includes a statement related by the patient himself, the authors also discuss the importance of a good doctor-patient relationship in treating HIV patients and in assuring the patient's adherence to his treatment. Related issues, such as the importance of treating psychiatric comorbidities, of preserving the patient's hope and motivation, and of giving him an adequate amount of information regarding the disease and its treatment, are also discussed.

Only half the children complied correctly with the treatment indicated. Pre-school children, those with parents or carers over 40 and those with a prescription of under three daily doses followed the treatment better. These factors need to be borne in mind by paediatricians when they prescribe an antibiotic.