Cases of leprosy in Indonesia are still high, especially in the provinces of West Papua, North Maluku and Papua. Drug resistance surveillance and typing strains of Mycobacterium leprae are useful molecular tools for leprosy control especially in the three Provinces. The purpose of this study was to identify mutations in the gyrA          M. leprae gene obtained from leprosy patients in the provinces of West Papua and Papua on a molecular basis. M. leprae samples obtained from leprosy patients were extracted and continued with PCR and sequencing in the M. leprae gyrA gene. The sequencing results are aligned with M. leprae TN sequences to identify mutations. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using Mega 7 to get the M. leprae gyrA cluster. The RNAalifold server was employed to generate the conserved 2D structure for the gyrA MSAs. Six variants were found in the gyrA M. leprae obtained from the provinces of West Papua and Papua. The six variants are H71R, K73R, D95G, A101T, R107W, A127V. The existence of mutations in the gyrA M. leprae gene found in this study can be information in the treatment of leprosy in Papua if using Ofloxacin as an alternative treatment. Based on phylogenetic analysis found there are three distinct clusters of gyrA gene. The five variants are H71R, K73R, A101T, R107W, A127V are new variant of gyrA M. leprae. The D95G variant has been confirmed to cause resistance to Fluoroquinolone by in vitro methods, while the H71R, K73R, A101T, R107W, A127V variants are new variants whose effects on the fluoroquinolone are unknown. Thus, further analysis is needed to study the effects of the five variants on ofloxacin.

Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) gene is regarded to play an important role in human vulnerability against various infections, including mycobacterial infection. This research purpose was to investigate the correlation between NRAMP1 gene expressions and protein level with susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) infection and their contacts. NRAMP1 gene expression and protein level from 30 active TB patients, 27 latent TB infection household contacts, and 33 healthy subjects as control were examined by the real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. NRAMP1 gene expression value in the healthy group was 4.61 times higher than active TB patients (p = 0.025) and the NRAMP1 expression value in the healthy group was 4.02 times higher than in the latent TB group (p = 0.117). The mean protein level of NRAMP1 was 196.41, 199.27, and 224.70 ng/ ml in the active TB, latent TB, and healthy groups, respectively (p > 0.05). NRAMP1 expression was downregulated and protein level was lower in active TB patients than latent TB patients and healthy individuals.