CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: 45,X/46,XY mosaicism, or mixed gonadal dysgenesis, is considered to be a rare disorder of sex development. The aim of our study was to investigate the clinical and cytogenetic characteristics of patients with this mosaicism. DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective study in a referral hospital in southern Brazil. METHODS: Our sample consisted of patients diagnosed at the clinical genetics service of a referral hospital in southern Brazil, from 1975 to 2012. Clinical and cytogenetic data were collected from the medical records. RESULTS: Fourteen patients were included in the sample, with ages at the first evaluation ranging from 2 days to 38 years. Nine of them had female sex of rearing and five, male. Regarding the external genitalia, most were ambiguous (n = 10). One patient presented male phenotype and was treated for a history of azoospermia, while three patients presented female phenotype, of whom two had findings of Turner syndrome and one presented secondary amenorrhea alone.

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a common genetic disease characterized by broad phenotypic variability. Despite the small number of studies describing hematological alterations in individuals with 22q11DS, it appears that these abnormalities are more frequent than previously imagined. Thus, the objective of our study was to report on a patient with 22q11DS presenting thrombocytopenia and large platelets and to review the literature. The patient, a 13-year-old boy, was originally evaluated due to craniofacial dysmorphia and speech delay. He also had a history of behavioral changes, neuropsychomotor delay and recurrent otitis/sinusitis. The identification of a 22q11.2 microdeletion by fluorescent in situ hybridization diagnosed the syndrome. Despite his hematological alterations, he only had a history of epistaxis and bruising of the upper and lower limbs. Assessments of the prothrombin time, thrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, bleeding time, fibrinogen levels and platelet aggregation (including the ristocetin induced platelet aggregation test) were all normal. Hematological alterations observed in 22q11DS are directly related to the genetic disorder itself (especially in respect to deletion of the GPIb gene) and secondary to some clinical findings, such as immunodeficiency. Macrothrombocytopenia is increasingly being considered a feature of the broad spectrum of 22q11DS and may potentially be a clinical marker for the syndrome.

Novo relato de dois pacientes com a trissomia do 9 em mosaico apresentando achados não usuais e uma sobrevida prolongada . Additional cytogenetic assessment of the skin showed normal results. The second patient was a two-year-old girl who was initially assessed at five months of age, when she presented weight of 5.3 kg (< P3), height of 61.5 cm (P2-P10), head circumference of 40.5 cm (P25), sparse hair, micrognathia, right ear with overfolded helix and preauricular pit, triphalangeal thumbs and sacral dimple. She also had a history of congenital heart disease, hearing loss, hypotonia, delayed neuropsychomotor development and swallowing disorder. Her lymphocyte karyotype was mos 47,XX,+9[3]/46,XX [69]. Both patients had unusual clinical findings (the first, hemifacial hypoplasia associated with microtia, with a phenotype of oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum, and the second, triphalangeal thumbs and hearing loss) and survival greater than what is usually described in the literature (< 1 year). Further reports will be critical for delineating the clinical features and determining the evolution of patients with mosaic trisomy 9.resUMo CONTEXTO: A trissomia do cromossomo 9 em mosaico é considerada uma anormalidade cromossômica rara e com limitada sobrevida. Nosso objetivo foi realizar o relato de dois pacientes com trissomia do 9 em mosaico, apresentando achados não usuais e sobrevida prolongada. RELATO DE CASOS: O primeiro paciente era um menino de seis anos e cinco meses apresentando peso de 14,5 kg (< P3), altura de 112 cm (P10), perímetro cefálico de 49 cm (P2), proeminência frontal, face triangular e assimétrica, lábios finos, microtia à direita com hélix sobredobrado, mãos pequenas, micropênis (< P10), testículos pequenos e hálux valgo. Seu cariótipo em linfócitos foi mos 47,XY,+9[4]/46,XY [50]. O estudo citogenético complementar da pele foi normal. A segunda paciente era uma menina de dois anos, avaliada inicialmente aos cinco meses, quando apresentava peso de 5,3 kg (< P3), estatura de 61,5 cm (P2-P10), perí-metro cefálico de 40,5 cm (P25), cabelos esparsos, micrognatia, orelha direita com sobredobramento do hélix e fosseta pré-auricular, polegares trifalangeanos e fosseta sacral. Ela possuía também história de cardiopatia congênita, perda auditiva, hipotonia, atraso do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e distúrbio da deglutição. Seu cariótipo de linfócitos foi mos 47,XX,+9[3]/46,XX [69]. Os dois pacientes apresentam achados clínicos não usuais (o primeiro, hipoplasia hemifacial associada à microtia lembrando um fenótipo de espectro óculo-aurículo-vertebral, e o segundo, polegares trifalangeanos e perda auditiva) e uma sobrevida maior àquela usualmente descrita na literatura (< 1 ano). Mais relatos serão fundamentais para delinear o quadro clínico e determinar a evolução de pacientes com trissomia do 9 em mosaico.

Death is closely related to late diagnosis in WT. Oncologic services should also be concerned about morbidity caused by therapeutic options in cases of late diagnosis, and the consequences for quality of life.

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