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This paper presents a simplified model for describing the response of a longitudinal bar embedded in concrete taking into account the bond‐slip phenomenon. The model is developed by assuming a linear bond‐slip field along the bar anchorage length and provides a simplified stress‐strain relationship to assign to the longitudinal reinforcement. The analytical approach adopted makes the proposed model very convenient from a computational standpoint because, unlike many other refined models, it does not require a multi‐level iterative process. Moreover, the assumptions made are particularly appropriate for modeling bond‐slip of smooth bars generally used in older reinforced concrete buildings. The implementation strategy of the proposed bond‐slip model in a general‐purpose nonlinear structural analysis software and comparisons with experimental results are discussed in a companion paper

This paper documents and analyzes the seismic behavior of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings that were damaged by the 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal, and reports on the performance of palaces, giving an overview on the failures suffered by significant examples of these monumental buildings. Field reconnaissance was completed through both rapid, in-situ visual assessment and state-of-the-art procedures utilizing light detection and ranging (lidar) and virtual reality (VR) technologies. Both the visual and virtual assessments were compared for 20 structures and were generally consistent; however, the virtual assessment process enabled detection of damage that could not be captured or was difficult to distinguish in the field observations. Further, both in-plane and out-of-plane mechanisms were analyzed and attributed to specific structural deficiencies that usually characterize poorly detailed masonry buildings. Moreover, wall overturning was correlated with the peculiarities of the pseudo-accelerations and rocking response spectra of the earthquake.