Israeli-Palestinian joint water management strategies fail to account for increased water demand caused by increasing populations and potential decreases in water availability due to climate change. This study examines the impacts of population growth and climate change on the water supplies of Israelis and Palestinians under "business-as-usual" conditions as well as under the Israeli-proposed water resources division discussed in meetings parallel to those at Camp David in 2000. The analysis establishes renewable water resources by source in Israel/Palestine and presents the current sectoral trends in water consumption. From this baseline, eight scenarios are developed that describe conditions in 2000 and 2025. Several indicators are used to measure the positive and negative effects of these conditions. The indicators show that population growth and climate change will negate many of the benefits of the water resources division proposed in 2000. Furthermore, the indicators reveal extreme water resources stress among Palestinians as well as potential environmental degradation as climate change depletes natural water supplies.

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In December 2003, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its WatershedBased National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permitting Implementation Guidance [EPA 833-B-03-004] and followed up with the Watershed-Based National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permitting Technical Guidance [EPA 833-B-07-004] in August 2007.These guidance documents consider a process for integrating the NPDES permitting program into a larger watershed management approach and coordinating NPDES activities with other water quality activities in the watershed. They describe a process of data collection and analysis conducted to support the development and issuance of NPDES permits that consider the diverse pollutant sources and stressors located within a defined geographic area (i.e., watershed boundaries). The conclusions reached through this watershed-based analytical approach lead to a broad range of possible NPDES or other program implementation options to achieve watershed goals. These options might extend beyond the traditional approach of developing and issuing a single NPDES permit to an individual point source discharger. The specific options and tools selected for the resulting NPDES watershed framework will depend on the characteristics of the watershed, the pollutants of concern, the sources of those pollutants, and the permitting context. One such tool is a watershed-based permit. Several permitting authorities have developed or considered a type of watershed-based permit, a multisource watershed-based permit, to address nutrient discharges within one or more watershed. This paper and presentation review the concepts of a watershed permitting analytical approach and an NPDES watershed framework as presented in EPA guidance. The presentation will highlight where Stakeholders are pursuing Watershed-based Permitting Approaches to control Nutrient Pollution and Storm water discharges.