Neutralization of IL-22 production from colonic innate lymphoid cells reduces dysplasia in bacterial-induced colon cancer by reducing proliferation of epithelial cells via reduced activation of Stat3.

Escherichia coli ͉ microbial pathogenesis ͉ protein folding ͉ protein translocation

Considerable evidence indicates that the Escherichia coli signal recognition particle (SRP) selectively targets proteins that contain highly hydrophobic signal peptides to the SecYEG complex cotranslationally. Presecretory proteins that contain only moderately hydrophobic signal peptides typically interact with trigger factor (TF) and are targeted post-translationally. Here we describe a striking exception to this rule that has emerged from the analysis of an unusual 55-amino acid signal peptide associated with the E. coli autotransporter EspP. The EspP signal peptide consists of a C-terminal domain that resembles a classical signal peptide plus an N-terminal extension that is conserved in other autotransporter signal peptides. Although a previous study showed that proteins containing the C-terminal domain of the EspP signal peptide are targeted cotranslationally by SRP, we found that proteins containing the full-length signal peptide were targeted post-translationally via a novel TF-independent mechanism. Mutation of an invariant asparagine residue in the N-terminal extension, however, restored cotranslational targeting. Remarkably, proteins containing extremely hydrophobic derivatives of the EspP signal peptide were also targeted post-translationally. These and other results suggest that the N-terminal extension alters the accessibility of the signal peptide to SRP and TF and promotes post-translational export by reducing the efficiency of the interaction between the signal peptide and the SecYEG complex. Based on data, we propose that the N-terminal extension mediates an interaction with an unidentified cytoplasmic factor or induces the formation of an unusual signal peptide conformation prior to the onset of protein translocation.