Background. The amplification and/or overexpression of the HER‐2/neu oncogene has been proposed as an important prognostic marker in breast cancer. However, contradictory results from various groups regarding whether there is statistical significance in HER‐2 amplification or overexpression in predicting overall and disease free survival in node positive versus node negative patients exist in the literature. Current assays on quantifying the HER‐2 oncogene rely on DNA extracted from homogenized breast tissue. Not only is a large amount of tissue required, but also, the DNA extract is contaminated with DNA from stromal cells and leukocytes, leading to decreased specificity and sensitivity of the HER‐2 assay. Improving the specificity (DNA from breast ductal cells) and the sensitivity (competitive polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) of the HER‐2 amplification detection assay will help resolve some of these controversies. Methods. Using multiparameter flow cytometry (FCM), ductal cells from breast biopsies and fine needle aspirations (FNAs) are identified and selectively sorted using anti‐cytokeratin, anti‐HER‐2 antibody labeling and DNA staining. HER‐2 amplification in these sorted cells is then quantified by competitive DNA PCR using a competitive reference standard mutant template that is susceptible to the restriction enzyme Sma‐1. Results. Applying this strategy, SK‐BR‐3, an HER‐2 amplified breast cancer cell line, was found to have approximately 9X baseline HER‐2 oncogene copies. In addition, MCF‐7, a known HER‐2 nonamplified breast cancer cell line, was found to have baseline HER‐2 oncogene copies. In the 10 clinical breast samples tested, 4 of the 10 breast cancers were HER‐2 amplified using as few as 1000 cells. The cytokeratin positive cells of these cancers, in contrast to the cytokeratin negative cells, have detectably higher HER‐2 amplification (7.2 ± 2.8X versus 3.2 ± 1.1X, respectively). Hence, HER‐2 gene amplification would have been underestimated if unsorted cells were used because of stromal dilution. In the cytokeratin positive cells that were HER‐2 oncogene amplified, corresponding HER‐2 oncoprotein overexpression was detected by FCM. Conclusions. Using FCM, the ductal cell subpopulation of a breast specimen can be successfully sorted from breast biopsy and FNA specimens. Moreover, by applying the technique of competitive PCR, improved specificity and sensitivity in HER‐2 oncogene amplification detection is achieved. The entire procedure can be accomplished in 1 day, allowing for a cost‐effective assay and rapid turnaround time. Cancer 1994; 73:2771–8.

BACKGROUND.There is little information regarding associations between magnetic

A pilot study of a novel translational research method to simultaneously assay multiple molecular markers and DNA in fine‐needle aspirates (FNA) of mammographically detected breast lesions is described. Specimen mammography‐guided 20‐gauge FNAs obtained from 86 lesions and 22 areas of normal tissue were analyzed by multiparameter flow cytometry for DNA content, her2/neu, transforming growth factor α (TGFα), and the epithelial marker cytokeratin (CK) simultaneously. Epithelial cell her2/neu positivity was detected in 12 of 44 (27%) of invasive ductal carcinomas and 3 of 9 (33%) ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 10 of 30 (33%) benign lesions, and 4 of 22 (18%) normal tissue aspirates. All lesions and normal tissue showed a similar positive rate for TGFα ranging from 61 to 76%. The CK+TGFα−her2/neu+ immunophenotype was more frequently positive in aneuploid tumors (22%) than all other lesions (7%) (P < 0.05). Specimen mammography‐guided FNAs provide fresh cells for flow cytometric multiple marker analysis and immunophenotyping of clinically occult breast lesions and normal tissue. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 42:165–173, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Specimen mammography-guided 20-gauge fine-needle aspirates (FNA) were obtained from normal dense or fatty tissue. Single aspirates of dense tissue yielded greater cell counts; 74% (32 of 43) had greater than 5,000 cells as compared to 20% (19 of 93) of fatty tissue FNA, p < 0.05. Dense tissue FNA also yielded greater percentages of epithelial cells; 95% (21 of 22) had greater than 50% epithelial cells as compared to 43% (17 of 40) of fatty tissue FNA, p < 0.05. Mammographic guidance toward dense tissue is suggested for clinical studies of risk assessment using FNA of normal breast tissue.