Understanding the factors affecting thermal tolerance is crucial for predicting the impact climate change will have on ectotherms. However, the role developmental plasticity plays in allowing populations to cope with thermal extremes is poorly understood. Here, we meta‐analyse how thermal tolerance is initially and persistently impacted by early (embryonic and juvenile) thermal environments by using data from 150 experimental studies on 138 ectothermic species. Thermal tolerance only increased by 0.13°C per 1°C change in developmental temperature and substantial variation in plasticity (~36%) was the result of shared evolutionary history and species ecology. Aquatic ectotherms were more than three times as plastic as terrestrial ectotherms. Notably, embryos expressed weaker but more heterogenous plasticity than older life stages, with numerous responses appearing as non‐adaptive. While developmental temperatures did not have persistent effects on thermal tolerance overall, persistent effects were vastly under‐studied, and their direction and magnitude varied with ontogeny. Embryonic stages may represent a critical window of vulnerability to changing environments and we urge researchers to consider early life stages when assessing the climate vulnerability of ectotherms. Overall, our synthesis suggests that developmental changes in thermal tolerance rarely reach levels of perfect compensation and may provide limited benefit in changing environments.

On a global scale, organisms face significant challenges due to climate change and anthropogenic disturbance. In many ectotherms, developmental and physiological processes are sensitive to changes in temperature and resources. Developmental plasticity in thermal physiology may provide adaptive advantages to environmental extremes if early environmental conditions are predictive of late-life environments. Here, we conducted a laboratory experiment to test how developmental temperature and maternal resource investment influence thermal physiological traits (critical thermal maximum: CT max and thermal preference: T pref ) in a common skink ( Lampropholis delicata ). We then compared our experimental findings more broadly across reptiles (snakes, lizards and turtles) using meta-analysis. In both our experimental study and meta-analysis, we did not find evidence that developmental environments influence CT max or T pref . Furthermore, the effects of developmental environments on thermal physiology did not vary by age, taxon or climate zone (temperate/tropical). Overall, the magnitude of developmental plasticity on thermal physiology appears to be limited across reptile taxa suggesting that behavioural or evolutionary processes may be more important. However, there is a paucity of information across most reptile taxa, and a broader focus on thermal performance curves themselves will be critical in understanding the impacts of changing thermal conditions on reptiles in the future.

Legumes are generally considered to be more responsive to elevated CO2 (eCO2) conditions due to the benefits provided by symbiotic nitrogen fixation. In response to high carbohydrate demand from nodules, legumes display autoregulation of nodulation (AON) to restrict nodules to the minimum number necessary to sustain nitrogen supply under current photosynthetic levels. AON mutants super-nodulate and typically grow smaller than wild-type plants under ambient CO2. Here, we show that AON super-nodulating mutants have substantially higher biomass under eCO2 conditions, which is sustained through increased photosynthetic investment. We examined photosynthetic and physiological traits across super-nodulating rdn1-1 (Root Determined Nodulation) and sunn4 (Super Numeric Nodules) and non-nodulating nfp1 (Nod Factor Perception) Medicago truncatula mutants. Under eCO2 conditions, super-nodulating plants exhibited increased rates of carboxylation (Vcmax) and electron transport (J) relative to wild-type and non-nodulating counterparts. The substantially higher rate of CO2 assimilation in eCO2-grown sunn4 super-nodulating plants was sustained through increased production of key photosynthetic enzymes, including Rieske FeS. We hypothesize that AON mutants are carbon-limited and can perform better at eCO2 through improved photosynthesis. Nodulating legumes, especially those with higher nitrogen fixation capability, are likely to out-perform non-nodulating plants under future CO2 conditions and will be important tools for understanding carbon and nitrogen partitioning under eCO2 conditions and future crop improvements.

Maintenance of optimal leaf tissue humidity is important for plant productivity and food security. Leaf humidity is influenced by soil and atmospheric water availability, by transpiration and by the coordination of water flux across cell membranes throughout the plant. Flux of water and solutes across plant cell membranes is influenced by the function of aquaporin proteins. Plants have numerous aquaporin proteins required for a multitude of physiological roles in various plant tissues and the membrane flux contribution of each aquaporin can be regulated by changes in protein abundance, gating, localisation, post-translational modifications, protein:protein interactions and aquaporin stoichiometry. Resolving which aquaporins are candidates for influencing leaf humidity and determining how their regulation impacts changes in leaf cell solute flux and leaf cavity humidity is challenging. This challenge involves resolving the dynamics of the cell membrane aquaporin abundance, aquaporin sub-cellular localisation and location-specific post-translational regulation of aquaporins in membranes of leaf cells during plant responses to changes in water availability and determining the influence of cell signalling on aquaporin permeability to a range of relevant solutes, as well as determining aquaporin influence on cell signalling. Here we review recent developments, current challenges and suggest open opportunities for assessing the role of aquaporins in leaf substomatal cavity humidity regulation.

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