As of today, there are mounting evidences of the reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes by regular coffee drinkers of 3-4 cups a day. The effects are likely due to the presence of chlorogenic acids and caffeine, the two constituents of coffee in higher concentration after the roasting process.

The purpose of this report was to characterize the dynamics of the gene expression cascades induced by an IFN-β-1a treatment regimen in multiple sclerosis patients and to examine the molecular mechanisms potentially capable of causing heterogeneity in response to therapy. In this open-label pharmacodynamic study design, peripheral blood was obtained from eight relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients just before and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 120, and 168 h after i.m. injection of 30 μg of IFN-β-1a. The total RNA was isolated from monocyte-depleted PBL and analyzed using cDNA microarrays containing probes for >4000 known genes. IFN-β-1a treatment resulted in selective, time-dependent effects on multiple genes. The mRNAs for genes implicated in the anti-viral response, e.g., double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, myxovirus resistance proteins 1 and 2, and guanylate binding proteins 1 and 2 were rapidly induced within 1–4 h of IFN-β treatment. The mRNAs for several genes involved in IFN-β signaling, such as IFN-α/β receptor-2 and Stat1, were also increased. The mRNAs for lymphocyte activation markers, such as IFN-induced transmembrane protein 1 (9–27), IFN-induced transmembrane protein 2 (1–8D), β2-microglobulin, and CD69, were also increased in a time-dependent manner. The findings demonstrate that IFN-β treatment induces specific and time-dependent changes in multiple mRNAs in lymphocytes of multiple sclerosis patients that could provide a framework for rapid monitoring of the response to therapy.

We observed that there is an important relationship between CYP450 and cisplatin, involving increased toxicity. However, the possible mechanisms described for the involvement of CYP450 enzymes in nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity induced by cisplatin need to be confirmed by further studies. Therefore, there is a need for a deeper investigation focusing on cisplatin toxicity mediated by CYP450 enzymes, which would undoubtedly contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms that have been implicated so far.

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IFN-beta treatment induces complex, specific and time-dependent changes in multiple proteins and mRNAs related to bone homeostasis in MS patients.